Table 1 Characteristics of studies
Author | year | Country | Study design | Mean age, y | Gender (% women) | Total sample size | Cases with MetS | MetS definition | Dietary assessment | Exposure | Association (95% CI) for comparison of extreme quantiles | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lanuza | 2023 | Denmark | Prospective cohort (12 months follow-up) | 43.9 | Both (56.3%) | 676 | 80 | IDF | 24-hour dietary recalls | Total polyphenols | 0.58 (0.32–1.05) | Age, sex and time origin, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, intakes of saturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, monounsaturated fats, total sugars, fiber, sodium and total energy, consumption of red meat, processed meat, fish, soft drinks, and salt |
Total flavonoids | 0.55 (0.3–1.01) | |||||||||||
Phenolic acids | 0.61 (0.33–1.11) | |||||||||||
Stilbenes | 1.03 (0.54–1.99) | |||||||||||
Lignans | 0.66 (0.36–1.2) | |||||||||||
Alkylphenols | 0.81 (0.42–1.57) | |||||||||||
Tyrosol | 0.99 (0.51–1.92) | |||||||||||
Grosso | 2017 | Poland | Cross-sectional | 58.5 ± 7.0 | Both (51.4%) | 8821 | 679 | IDF | FFQ | Phenolic acids | 0.78 (0.67–0.91) | Age, gender, education, occupation, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol drinking, body mass index, total energy intake, and other polyphenol quartiles of intake |
Total flavonoids | 0.88 (0.73-1) | |||||||||||
Lignans | 0.99 (0.84–1.18) | |||||||||||
Stilbenes | 0.83 (0.71–0.96) | |||||||||||
Total polyphenols | 0.74 (0.64–0.86) | |||||||||||
Hejazi | 2021 | Iran | Prospective cohort (8.9 years follow-up) | 36.5 ± 13.3 | Both (53.5%) | 1915 | 591 | the Joint Interim guidelines | FFQ | Total flavonoids | 0.77 (0.62–0.95) | Age, gender, smoking, physical activity, education levels, occupational status, total energy intake, fiber intake, family history of diabetes, family history of cardiovascular disease and body mass index |
Flavanols | 1.04 (0.85–1.28) | |||||||||||
Anthocyanins | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) | |||||||||||
Flavones | 0.86 (0.71–1.05) | |||||||||||
Flavanones | 1.1 (0.9–1.34) | |||||||||||
Isoflavones | 0.83 (0.68–1.01) | |||||||||||
Flavonols | 0.71 (0.59–0.91) | |||||||||||
Jin | 2021 | China | Prospective cohort (5.3 years follow-up) | 51 | Both (65.3%) | 6417 | 1283 | IDF | FFQ | Quercetin | 0.55 (0.34–0.88) | Age, sex, drinking, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, fat, protein, carbohydrate, fiber and total energy |
Kaempferol | 0.56 (0.34–0.93) | |||||||||||
Isorhamnetin | 0.58 (0.35–0.96) | |||||||||||
Apigenin | 0.73 (0.44–1.20) | |||||||||||
Luteolin | 0.49 (0.32–0.76) | |||||||||||
Total flavonoids | 0.58 (0.37–0.93) | |||||||||||
Lee | 2016 | Korea | Cross-sectional | 67.4 ± 7.80 | Both (46.1) | 428 | 203 | AHA/NHLBI | FFQ | Quercetin | 0.83 (0.42–1.61) | Age, sex, educational level, history of heart disease, pack-years of smoking, total energy intake, marital status, ethanol intake, red meat intake, dairy food intake, and body mass index |
Oh | 2014 | Korea | Cross-sectional | 27.0 ± 3.9 | Females (100%) | 223 | 27 | Korean Diabetes Association | 24-hour dietary recalls | Flavonols | 0.11 (0.02–0.62) | Age, energy intake, current alcohol drinking, smoking, regular exercise, oral contraceptives use |
Qu | 2018 | China | Cross-sectional | 54.17 ± 9.34 | Both (62.9%) | 9108 | 2635 | IDF | FFQ | Total flavonoids | 0.77 (0.66–0.9) | Sex, age, body mass index, drinking, smoking, and physical activity |
Sebastian | 2022 | USA | Cross-sectional | 47.7 | Both (54.9%) | 828 (males) | 233 | the Joint Interim guidelines | 24-hour dietary recalls | Total flavonoids | 0.62 (0.53–0.71) | Race, poverty status, age, education level, smoking status, literacy, menopause status (women only), health status, and body mass index |
1009 (females) | 382 | Total flavonoids | 1.22 (0.92–1.61) | |||||||||
Sohrab | 2013 | Iran | Cross-sectional | 41.5 ± 14.8 | Both (56%) | 2618 | NR | ATP III | FFQ | Total polyphenols | 0.92 (0.7–1.22) | Age, gender, physical activity, smoking status, educational levels, study center and total energy intake |
Total flavonoids | 0.25 (0.19–0.34) | |||||||||||
Phenolic acids | 1.06 (0.81–1.4) | |||||||||||
Stilbenes | 0.91 (0.69–1.22) | |||||||||||
Lignans | 1.29 (0.98–1.7) | |||||||||||
Sohrab | 2018 | Iran | Prospective cohort (6.2 years follow-up) | 36.6 ± 0.58 | Both (56.6%) | 1265 | 276 | ATP III | FFQ | Total polyphenols | 0.85 (0.6–1.31) | Age, gender, physical activity, total energy intake, total fiber intake, total cholesterol intake, and body mass index |
Total flavonoids | 0.69 (0.48–0.98) | |||||||||||
Phenolic acids | 0.97 (0.35–2.79) | |||||||||||
Stilbenes | 0.87 (0.63–1.3) | |||||||||||
Lignans | 1.13 (0.81–1.64) | |||||||||||
Moslehi | 2019 | Iran | Prospective cohort (5.4 years follow-up) | 33.8 ± 12.4 | Both (67.4%) | 1114 | 368 | the Joint Interim guidelines | FFQ | Total flavonoids | 0.5 (0.42–0.59) | Age, gender, baseline body mass index (BMI), BMI-change, and energy intake |
Flavan-3-ols | 0.48 (0.4–0.57) | |||||||||||
Favonols | 0.66 (0.58–0.75) | |||||||||||
Flavones | 0.76 (0.67–0.87) | |||||||||||
Isoflavones | 0.78 (0.66–0.91) | |||||||||||
Favanones | 0.85 (0.73–0.98) | |||||||||||
Anthocyanins | 0.9 (0.79–1.02) | |||||||||||
Woo | 2019 | Korea | Prospective cohort (3.6 years folow-up) | 61.0 ± 10.2 | Both (60%) | 2204 (males) | 312 | ATP III | FFQ | Isoflavones | 0.93 (0.67–1.28) | Age, education, regular exercise, current smoking, total energy intake, calcium intake, fiber intake, egg consumption, soda drink consumption and diet quality index |
3305 (females) | 553 | Isoflavones | 0.98 (0.75–1.28) | |||||||||
Yang | 2012 | Korea | Cross-sectional | 50.5 ± 11.4 | 1,827 (males) | 541 | ATP III | 24-hour dietary recalls | Flavan-3-ols | 0.92 (0.62–1.34) | Age, body mass index, education, current smoking, regular exercise, functional food use, intakes of total energy, fat, and fiber | |
2,918 (females) | 688 | ATP III | Flavan-3-ols | 0.64 (0.45–0.91) | ||||||||
Zujko | 2018 | Korea | Cross-sectional | 50.08 ± 16.44 | Both (55.11%) | 2554 (males) | 1000 | IDF and AHA/NHLBI | 24-hour dietary recalls | Total polyphenols | 1.04 (0.8–1.31) | Age, body mass index, educational level, leisure time physical activity, smoking, and alcohol intake |
3136 (females) | 1028 | Total polyphenols | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) |