Table 3 Baseline comparison of clinical characteristics between the intervention and control groups
Variables | Frequency, n (%) | p-valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall (n = 180) | Standard Counselling Group (n = 90) | USM-IAM-based Counselling Group (n = 90) | ||
Family history of diabetes | ||||
 Yes | 140 (77.8) | 67 | 73 | 0.282 |
 No | 40 (22.2) | 23 | 17 | |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 13.85 (6.69) | 13.73 (7.04) | 13.97 (6.36) | 0.606 |
Duration of insulin treatment (years) | 7.29 (5.71) | 7.04 (5.76) | 7.48 (5.67) | 0.864 |
Number of injections per day | 2.95 (1.15) | 2.93 (1.15) | 2.97 (1.16) | 0.440 |
Practicing SMBG | ||||
 Yes | 142 (78.9) | 73 (40.5) | 69 (38.3) | 0.465 |
 No | 38 (21.1) | 17 (9.5) | 21 (11.7) | |
Regular exercise | ||||
 Yes | 74 (41.1) | 41 (22.78) | 33 (18.33) | 0.289 |
 No | 106 (58.9) | 49 (27.22) | 57 (31.7) | |
Presence of comorbidities d | ||||
Hypertension | 148 (82.2) | 71 (39.4) | 77 (42.8) | 0.242 |
Dyslipidemia | 152 (84.4) | 77 (42.8) | 75 (41.7) | 0.681 |
Stroke | 9 (5) | 5 (2.8) | 4 (2.2) | > 0.999 c |
Heart Disease | 22 (12.2) | 12 (6.7) | 10 (5.6) | 0.649 |
Gout | 14 (7.8) | 7 (3.9) | 7 (3.9) | >  0.99 |
Body Mass Index | 29.57 (4.82) | 29.36 (4.60) | 29.78 (5.01) | 0.565 |
Adherence scores (%) | 64.56 (11.54) | 63.54 (11.33) | 65.58 (11.71) | 0.990 |
HbA1c (%) | 10.56 (1.60) | 10.31 (1.58) | 10.81 (1.59) | 0.697 |
FBS (mmol/L) | 11.36(4.02) | 10.72 (4.09) | 12.00 (4.03) | 0.563 |
Systolic blood pressure | 144.5 (20.2) | 144.04 (20.02) | 144.98 (20.52) | 0.758 |
Diastolic blood pressure | 80.9 (9.98) | 80.49(8.93) | 81.3 (10.96) | 0.587 |
Medication | ||||
 Insulin + OGLD/s | 161 (89.4) | 82 (45.6) | 79 (43.9) | 0.467 |
 Insulin only | 19 (10.6) | 8 (4.4) | 11 (6.11) | |
 Antihypertensive/s | 157 (87.2) | 75 (41.7) | 82 (45.6) | 0.118 |
 Statin | 151 (83.9) | 73 (40.5) | 78 (43.3) | 0.311 |
 Fenofibrate | 16 (8.9) | 7 (3.9) | 9 (5) | 0.600 |
 Aspirin | 11 (6.1) | 6 (3.3) | 5 (2.8) | 0.756 |
 Clopidogrel | 18 (10) | 9 (5) | 9 (5) | > 0.99 |