The effect of USM-IAM-based counselling vs standard counselling on insulin adherence, FBS and HbA1c among patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a randomised controlled trial

Table 5 Sub-analysis of adherence score, FBS and HbA1c changes between baseline and 6 months with regard to categorized variables

Outcome	Parameter		Standard Counselling Group			USM-IAM-based Counselling Group			Treatment effect
Outcome	Parameter		n	Mean difference	p-value	n	Mean difference	p-value	p-value
Adherence scores change	Age	< 60	49	− 8.20	0.003	52	−10.37	< 0.001	0.057
	Age	≥ 60	41	−13.88	< 0.001	38	−10.00	< 0.001	0.780
	Sex	Male	44	−8.25	0.003	40	−14.07	< 0.001	0.828
	Sex	Female	46	−13.22	< 0.001	50	−7.13	< 0.001	0.065
	Education level	Secondary	47	−9.342	< 0.001	52	−10.66	< 0.001	0.555
	Education level	Tertiary	43	−12.36	< 0.001	38	−9.61	< 0.001	0.107
	Diabetes duration	< 10 years	50	−10.86	< 0.001	48	−10.31	< 0.001	0.813
	Diabetes duration	> 10 years	40	−10.70	< 0.001	42	−10.10	< 0.001	0.035
FBS change	Age	< 60	49	0.61	0.741	52	2.28	0.003	0.090
	Age	≥ 60	41	1.47	0.106	38	0.94	0.721	0.608
	Sex	Male	44	0.81	0.362	40	1.23	0.241	0.094
	Sex	Female	46	1.18	0.237	50	2.10	0.019	0.593
	Education level	Secondary	47	0.124	> 0.99	52	1.55	0.118	0.372
	Education level	Tertiary	43	1.95	0.006	38	1.94	0.021	0.199
	Diabetes duration	< 10 years	50	0.67	0.648	48	1.40	0.120	0.193
	Diabetes duration	> 10 years	40	1.41	0.116	42	2.07	0.036	0.374
HbA1c change	Age	< 60	49	0.51	0.057	52	0.95	< 0.001	0.068
	Age	≥ 60	41	0.75	0.005	38	1.14	< 0.001	0.651
	Sex	Male	44	0.71	0.059	40	0.82	0.005	0.131
	Sex	Female	46	0.53	0.057	50	1.21	< 0.001	0.925
	Education level	Secondary	47	0.61	0.020	52	0.99	< 0.001	0.644
	Education level	Tertiary	43	0.62	0.080	38	1.09	< 0.001	0.273
	Diabetes duration	< 10 years	50	0.78	0.008	48	1.04	< 0.001	0.363
	Diabetes duration	> 10 years	40	0.42	0.455	42	1.02	< 0.001	0.492

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