Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants

PAB (HK)

57.09 ± 49.28

59.28 ± 48.16

65.13 ± 49.5 ^{b, c}

0.006

70.50 ± 54.68

80.36 ± 59.84 ^a

80.44 ± 61.81 ^b

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

117.98 ± 16.09

123.73 ± 16.06 ^a

128.32 ± 18.56 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

115.86 ± 17.60

121.23 ± 19.55 ^a

126.23 ± 19.55 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

76.98 ± 10.22

81.05 ± 10.26 ^a

84.00 ± 10.70 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

74.85 ± 11.03

78.62 ± 11.50 ^a

81.35 ± 11.23 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

SOD₁(U/L)

2.27 ± 2.35

2.28 ± 2.26

2.24 ± 1.75

0.94

2.34 ± 3.08

2.38 ± 2.84

2.33 ± 2.56

0.88

WC (m)

84.74 ± 8.17

96.10 ± 7.14 ^a

106.57 ± 8.62 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

85.02 ± 9.45

94.12 ± 9.05 ^a

105.10 ± 10.86 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

HC (m)

95.15 ± 5.74

102.35 ± 5.42 ^a

110.42 ± 7.15 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

95.27 ± 5.90

102.98 ± 5.60 ^a

113.30 ± 8.27 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

FBG (mg/dL)

86.95 ± 34.74

93.27 ± 36.74 ^a

98.06 ± 43.79 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

90.58 ± 45.46

95.56 ± 43.94 ^a

95.04 ± 36.79

0.004

Uric acid (μg/dL)

4.81 ± 1.17

5.47 ± 1.48 ^a

5.74 ± 1.56 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

3.77 ± 1.07

4.20 ± 1.18 ^a

4.59 ± 1.22 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

112.45 ± 33.34

114.33 ± 35.11

113.08 ± 35.31

0.29

116.44 ± 36.13

120.37 ± 35.80

120.31 ± 36.01

0.007

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

180.49 ± 37.73

189.97 ± 36.98 ^a

191.61 ± 38.50 ^b

< 0.001

189.12 ± 40.48

196.28 ± 39.04 ^a

198.98 ± 40.01 ^b

< 0.001

HDL-C (mg/dL)

41.61 ± 9.51

38.81 ± 8.85 ^a

38.69 ± 9.25 ^b

< 0.001

47.09 ± 10.59

44.92 ± 9.96 ^a

43.73 ± 9.19 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

Weight (Kg)

63.47 ± 7.88

77.75 ± 7.04 ^a

92.19 ± 10.7 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

54.98 ± 6.43

66.76 ± 5.91 ^a

80.30 ± 9.6 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

Height (m)

1.68 ± 0.06

1.68 ± 0.06

1.67 ± 0.07 ^b

0.003

1.55 ± 0.06

1.55 ± 0.057

1.54 ± 0.05 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

PAL

1.5 ± 0.31

1.39 ± 0.25 ^a

1.27 ± 0.25 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

1.85 ± 0.22

1.72 ± 0.19 ^a

1.58 ± 0.19 ^{b, c}

< 0.001

Age (year)

48.25 ± 8.60

49.24 ± 8.38 ^a

49.11 ± 8.11

0.02

48.33 ± 7.72

48.39 ± 7.52

49.11 ± 7.40 ^b

0.002

Hs-CRP (mg/L)

1.3 (1.58)

1.44 (1.81)

2.10 (2.99)

< 0.001

1.24 (1.31)

1.68 (2.44)

2.62 (4.29)

< 0.001

TG (mg/dL)

98 (66)

141 (98)

150 (104)

< 0.001

96 (66)

117 (83)

134 (83)

< 0.001

Smoking status

< 0.001

0.09

Non smoker

51.9%

59.9%

62.4%

76.4%

76.9%

73.5%

Ex-smoker

14.4%

15.3%

16.8%

6.2%

6.6%

6.9%

Current smoker

33.%

24.8%

20.9%

17.4%

16.6%

19.5%