Table 1 Summary of demographic and clinical characteristics included in the study

Body mass index (kg/m²)

24.1 ± 3.2

Current smoking, n (%)

10 (9.7%)

Alcohol drinkers, n (%)

12 (11.7%)

Physical activity, n (%)

38 (36.9%)

Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)

4.8 ± 1.2

HbA1C (%)

5.0 ± 0.7

Total cholesterol(mmol/L)

4.83 ± 0.97

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.62 ± 0.25

HDL-C(mmol/L)

1.60 ± 0.43

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.47 ± 0.59

25-hydroxyvitamin D (ng/ml)

20.1 ± 4.6

PINP (ng/ml)

33.5 ± 5.7

Osteocalcin (ng/ml)

14.3 ± 3.8

CTX (ng/ml)

1.55 ± 0.59

Sclerostin (pmol/L)

44.7 ± 7.5

Lumbar spine BMD (g/cm²)

0.830 ± 0.101

Total hip BMD (g/cm²)

0.738 ± 0.091

Femoral neck BMD (g/cm²)

0.714 ± 0.085

Marrow fat fraction (%)

62.3 ± 9.5