Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

Age (year)

46.63 ± 8.10

46.62 ± 8.01

46.64 ± 8.17

0.451

Place of residence

 Rural

2661 (67.62)

1404 (66.07)

1257 (69.45)

0.024

 Urban

1274 (32.38)

721 (33.93)

553 (30.55)

Socioeconomic status

 Low

658 (16.72)

222 (10.45)

436 (24.09)

< 0.001

 Moderate

1635 (41.55)

757 (35.62)

878 (48.51)

 High

1642 (41.73)

1146 (53.93)

496 (27.40)

Physical Activity (met/hour per day)

 Light

1281 (32.55)

796 (37.46)

485 (26.80)

< 0.001

 Moderate

1824 (46.35)

642 (30.21)

1182 (65.30)

 High

830 (21.10)

687 (32.33)

143 (7.90)

Metabolic syndrome

1022 (25.97)

422 (19.86)

600 (33.15)

< 0.001

Metabolic syndrome severity score

0.21 ± 0.88

0.25 ± 0.80

0.16 ± 0.9

0.003

Body Mass Index (kg/m²)

27.51 ± 4.49

26.43 ± 3.98

28.78 ± 4.72

< 0.001

Waist Circumference (cm)

97.21 ± 10.26

96.15 ± 9.60

98.43 ± 10.85

< 0.001

Body Fat Mass (kg)

24.96 ± 9.31

21.53 ± 8.11

28.99 ± 9.10

< 0.001

Sleep duration (h/day)

7.06 ± 1.19

6.98 ± 1.19

7.14 ± 1.20

< 0.001

Sleep latency (Min)

34.50 ± 31.10

27.71 ± 24.40

41.89 ± 34.77

< 0.001

Nap duration (Min)

65.83 ± 46.45

66.48 ± 48.24

65.55 ± 44.21

0.740

Night shift work (Min)

34.14 ± 6.51

34.55 ± 10.21

32.4 ± 11.41

0.859

Leg Restlessness

218 (5.54)

96 (4.52)

122 (6.74)

0.001

Dozing off during the day

1306 (33.19)

741 (34.87)

565 (31.22)

0.015

Use sleeping pills

86 (2.19)

40 (1.88)

46 (2.54)

0.159

Morning wakeup (hour)

6.72 ± 1.21

6.52 ± 1.19

6.94 ± 1.20

< 0.001

Night sleep (hour)

9.44 ± 10.90

10.63 ± 10.05

8.04 ± 8.02

< 0.001