Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of participants

N (M/F)

50 (33/16)

50 (23/27)

80 (46/34)

Min

Max

Age (years)

55.9 ± 14.2

53.4 ± 9.8

55.2 ± 8.3

0.483

29

85

Duration of T2D (years)

----

----

1.0 (0, 5.0)

---

0

21

BMI (kg/m²)

28.9 ± 5.8^b,c

31.4 ± 5.5^a

31.3 ± 4.9^a

0.029

19.6

48.1

WC (cm)

F

94.6 ± 14.1^c

103.3 ± 14.8

103.0 ± 13.5^a

0.029

72

147

M

95.9 ± 7.2

105.5 ± 14.9

101.4 ± 11.4

0.052

WHR

F

0.91 (0.89, 0.94)^c

0.93 (0.90, 0.97)

0.95 (0.91, 0.98)^a

0.028

0.59

1.18

M

0.98 (0.94, 1.00)

0.97 (0.95, 1.02)

0.98 (0.94, 1.01)

0.987

SBP (mmHg)

122 (119, 137)

129 (118, 138)

130 (120, 148)

0.439

80

182

DBP (mmHg)

80 (77, 89)

81 (71, 90)

80 (71, 90)

0.564

50

130

Glucose (mg/dL)

85 (80, 94)^b,c

100 (90, 106)^a,c

133 (102, 167)^a,b

7.9 × 10^− 14

60

383

Insulin (mIU/L)

7.4 (3.6, 10.1)^{b, c}

9.7 (7.1, 14.9)^a

9.1 (6.1, 14.9)^a

0.003

2.0

177.0

HbA1c (%)

5.6 (5.4, 5.7)^{b, c}

6.1 (5.8, 6.2)^{a, c}

7.3 (6.5, 8.5)^{a, b}

< 2.2 × 10^− 16

4.4

17.1

HOMA-IR

1.6 (0.7, 2.5)^{b, c}

2.6 (1.8, 3.5)^a

3.3 (1.7, 5.9)^a

3.5 × 10^− 6

0.28

39.3

HOMA-B

89.7 (63.6, 153.2)^c

95.5 (71.8, 150.0)^c

44.8 (26.8, 87.5)^{a, b}

7.29

2360.0

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

158.4 ± 73.1^c

182.3 ± 100.4

222.9 ± 180.3^a

0.031

31

790

Hypertriglyceridemia (%)

46.9^c

53.2^c

70.5^{a, b}

0.013

---

---

Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)

183.4 ± 33.1

183.9 ± 32.6

192.9 ± 42.3

0.272

102

287

HDL-C (mg/dL)

F

49.1 ± 13.8

45.8 ± 9.4

49.0 ± 9.2

0.446

25.8

83.1

M

41.7 ± 9.9

42.4 ± 9.1

39.7 ± 9.9

0.549

Low HDL-C (%)

63.3^b

78.7^a

74.7

0.019

---

---

LDL-C (mg/dL)

117.0 ± 33.9

119.3 ± 37.8

125.2 ± 40.2

0.445

30.0

225.7

VLDL-C (mg/dL)

29.0 (22.7, 36.0)^c

33.0 (24.5, 42.5)

36.0 (29.0, 55.0)^a

0.007

10

288

Creatinine (mg/dL)

F

0.68 (0.64, 0.81)

0.70 (0.63, 0.80)

0.67 (0.58, 0.84)

0.730

0.46

1.35

M

0.82 (0.73, 0.97)

0.93 (0.80, 0.97)

0.93 (0.86, 1.00)

0.051

BUN (mg/dL)

14 (12, 17)

15 (12, 17)

15 (13, 17)

0.408

8

37

Urea (mg/dL)

30 (26, 36)

32 (27, 36)

32 (28, 36)

0.514

17

62

AST (U/L)

24 (21, 26)

25 (21, 34)

28 (23, 34)

0.121

10

107

ALT (U/L)

27 (21, 34)

31 (23, 48)

34 (22, 44)

0.068

4

167

SFRP4 (ng/mL)

144.9 (60.4, 183.9)^c

166.3 (142.1-195.1)^c

189.7 (168.2-212.6)^{a, b}

6.2 × 10^− 7

16.5

218.6

CPR (mg/L)

0.31 (0.09, 0.59)

0.37 (0.21, 0.74)

0.45 (0.15, 0.81)

0.331

0.02

2.98

IL-6 (pg/mL)

6.5 (4.6, 8.2)^{b, c}

32.9 (8.9, 35.7)^a

33.9 (30.5, 35.7)^a

< 2.2 × 10^− 16

3.39

66.7

IL-1β (pg/mL)

5.7 (4.8, 6.4)^{b, c}

31.7 (8.5, 34.1)^a

32.2 (27.6, 34.1)^a

< 2.2 × 10^− 16

3.7

78.7

IL-8 (pg/mL)

14.0 (11.4, 15.5)^{b, c}

26.8 (17.1, 29.9)^a

29.6 (26.8, 30.9)^a

< 2.2 × 10^− 16

9.3

66.5

IL-10 (pg/mL)

56.0 (54.0, 64.2)^{b, c}

35.6 (33.0, 53.0)^a

35.3 (33.0, 37.7)^a

< 2.2 × 10^− 16

21.1

69.4