Table 1 Demographic, clinical characteristics, sex-related and thyroid-related hormones of subjects stratified by MAFLD in T2DM patients

Demographics and clinical characteristics

N (%)

157 (36.3)

275 (63.7)

432 (100.0)

Woman Sex (n, %)

72 (45.9)

113 (41.1)

185 (42.8)

0.335

Age (years)

57.1±10.9

55.0±13.3

55.8±12.5

0.092

Ever smoking (n (%))

54 (34.4)

95 (34.6)

149 (34.5)

0.988

Ever drinking (n (%))

27 (17.2)

71 (25.8)

98 (22.7)

0.040*

Weight (kg)

60.0±9.5

72.4±11.9

67.9±12.6

<0.001*

BMI (kg/m²)

22.5±2.5

26.6±3.8

25.1±3.9

<0.001*

Waist (cm)

81.5±8.0

93.1±10.1

88.4±10.9

<0.001*

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

129.4±17.1

132.2±16.5

131.2±16.8

0.086

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

80.5±9.5

83.8±10.8

82.6±10.5

0.002*

Diabetes duration (years)

8.0 (1.0-11.0)

5.0 (1.0-10.0)

6.0 (1.0-10.0)

0.265

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

8.27±3.56

8.98±3.77

2.15±0.86

0.060

HbA1c (%)

9.44±2.54

9.25±2.01

9.32±2.21

0.397

HOMA-IR (*10^-6mol*IU*L^-2)

1.54 (1.03-2.53)

3.35 (2.15-4.92)

2.61(1.54-4.53)

<0.001*

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.17 (0.91-1.55)

2.00 (1.46-2.92)

1.63 (1.18-2.46)

<0.001*

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.51±1.10

4.67±1.18

4.61±1.15

0.167

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.24±0.36

1.01±0.30

1.09±0.34

<0.001*

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.66±1.03

2.57±0.99

2.60±1.01

0.339

Blood uric acid (mmol/L)

312.1±82.8

376.7±105.6

353.2±102.6

<0.001*

AST (U/L)

16 (13-20)

18 (15-24)

17 (14-23)

<0.001*

ALT (U/L)

17 (13-22.5)

23 (16-34)

20 (14-29)

<0.001*

GGT (U/L)

19 (15-27)

33 (23-48)

27 (18.5-42)

<0.001*

C-reactive protein (mg/L)

0.8 (0.5-1.7)

1.6 (0.8-3.3)

1.3 (0.7-2.8)

<0.001*

Diabetes treatment (n (%))

Biguanides

70 (44.6)

143 (52.0)

213 (49.3)

0.129

Glycosidase inhibitor

41 (26.1)

51 (18.5)

92 (21.3)

0.067

Sulfonylureas

52 (33.1)

82 (29.8)

134 (31.0)

0.491

TZD

7 (4.5)

26 (9.5)

33 (7.6)

0.059

Glinides

11 (7.0)

20 (7.3)

31 (7.2)

0.393

GLP-1 agonists

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

1 (0.2)

0.449

DPP-4 inhibitors

29 (18.5)

40 (14.5)

69 (16.0)

0.291

SGLT-2 inhibitors

1 (0.6)

1 (0.4)

2 (0.5)

0.689

Any oral hypoglycemic medications use

109 (69.4)

196 (71.3)

305 (70.6)

0.685

Insulin use

57 (36.3)

73 (26.6)

130 (30.1)

0.033*

Sex-related hormones

Estradiol (E2, pmol/L)

67.5 (19.6-121.9)

82.1 (29.2-119)

77.8 (25.1-11.7)

0.633

Luteinizing hormone (LH, mIU/ml)

11 (6.6-25.8)

9.5 (6.6-19.6)

10 (6.6-22.1)

0.097

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, mIU/ml)

13.1 (7.6-44.8)

11.1 (6.2-38.8)

11.9 (6.6-41.6)

0.017*

Prolactin (PRL, mIU/L)

319.5 (236.1-455)

307.7 (233.7-429.3)

311.3 (233.8-438.9)

0.688

Progesterone (nmol/L)

0.40 (0.16-0.70)

0.40 (0.20-0.70)

0.40 (0.20-0.70)

0.219

Total testosterone (TT, nmol/L)

8.4 (0.4-17.8)

9.3 (0.6-14.2)

8.95 (0.5-14.7)

0.470

Thyroid-related hormones

Free triiodothyronine (FT3, pmol/L)

4.23±0.76

4.48±0.83

4.39±0.81

0.003*

Free thyroxine (FT4, pmol/L)

16.7±2.4

17.0±2.7

16.9±2.7

0.334

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, mIU/L)

1.77 (1.22-2.78)

1.91 (1.27-2.88)

1.87 (1.26-2.87)

0.350

Parathyroid hormone (PTH, ng/L)

34.1±18.7

36.4±15.2

35.5±16.6

0.177

MAFLD indices

FLI

20.8±15.4

57.5±22.7

42.6±26.9

<0.001*

FIB-4 score

1.19±0.86

1.09±0.64

1.13±0.73

0.199