Table 2 Demographic, clinical characteristics, sex-related and thyroid-related hormones of subjects stratified by MAFLD in men and women T2DM patients

Demographics and clinical characteristics

N (%)

72 (38.9)

113 (61.1)

85 (34.3)

162 (65.6)

Age (years)

58.7±10.1

60.3±11.0

0.311

55.8±11.5

51.3±13.5

0.010*

Ever smoking (n (%))

3 (4.2)

3 (2.7)

0.559

51 (60.0)

92 (56.8)

0.627

Ever drinking (n (%))

2 (2.8)

1 (0.9)

0.320

25 (29.4)

70 (43.2)

0.034*

Weight (kg)

54.3±7.9

65.1±9.6

<0.001*

64.9±8.0

77.5±10.8

<0.001*

BMI (kg/m²)

22.3±2.8

26.5±4.4

<0.001*

22.6±2.2

26.6±3.3

<0.001*

Waist (cm)

79.0±8.5

90.0±8.1

<0.001*

83.7±6.9

95.4±10.8

<0.001*

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

131.9±17.7

134.8±17.9

0.274

127.2±16.3

130.4±15.2

0.127

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

80.3±10.6

82.5±11.2

0.185

80.8±8.6

84.7±10.6

0.004*

Diabetes duration (years)

8.5 (2.5-12.0)

8.0 (2.0-12.0)

0.817

6.0 (1.0-10.0)

4.0 (0.9-10.0)

0.296

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

8.37±3.84

8.62±3.55

0.669

8.18±3.32

9.24±3.91

0.039*

HbA1c (%)

9.40±2.46

9.07±1.88

0.312

9.47±2.62

9.37±2.08

0.749

HOMA-IR (*10^-6mol*IU*L^-2)

1.56 (1.19-2.75)

3.66(2.30-6.97)

<0.001*

1.52 (1.02-2.53)

3.12(1.98-4.62)

<0.001*

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.27 (0.94-1.69)

1.92 (1.45-2.83)

<0.001*

1.10 (0.90-1.42)

2.11 (1.46-2.96)

<0.001*

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.60±1.19

4.71±1.18

0.552

4.43±1.01

4.64±1.19

0.166

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.34±0.41

1.08±0.30

<0.001*

1.15±0.29

0.96±0.29

<0.001*

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.60±1.09

2.55±1.03

0.339

2.72±0.97

2.58±0.97

0.288

Blood uric acid (mmol/L)

293.4±77.2

352.5±99.8

<0.001*

327.9±84.5

393.6±106.6

<0.001*

AST (U/L)

16 (13-20)

17 (15-24)

0.010*

16.5 (14-20)

19 (15-24)

0.003*

ALT (U/L)

15.5 (11.5-21.5)

18 (14-30)

0.002*

17 (14-23)

25 (18-37)

<0.001*

GGT (U/L)

17 (14-26.5)

28 (21-39)

<0.001*

20 (15-27)

37 (26-52)

<0.001*

C-reactive protein (mg/L)

0.9 (0.5-1.5)

1.7 (0.9-3.3)

<0.001*

0.8 (0.5-1.8)

1.6 (0.7-3.3)

<0.001*

Diabetes treatment (n (%))

Biguanides

39 (54.2)

61 (54.5)

0.968

31 (36.5)

82 (50.6)

0.034*

Glycosidase inhibitor

21 (29.2)

33 (29.5)

0.965

20 (23.5)

18 (11.1)

0.010*

Sulfonylureas

25 (34.7)

42 (37.2)

0.702

27 (31.8)

40 (24.7)

0.235

TZD

6 (8.3)

14 (12.4)

0.376

1 (1.2)

12 (7.4)

0.037*

Glinides

4 (5.6)

9 (8.0)

0.522

7 (8.2)

11 (6.8)

0.678

GLP-1 agonists

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

NA

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

0.468

DPP-4 inhibitors

22 (30.6)

21 (18.6)

0.065

7 (8.2)

19 (11.7)

0.395

SGLT-2 inhibitors

1 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

0.211

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

0.468

Any oral hypoglycemic medications use

55 (76.4)

92 (81.4)

0.409

54 (63.5)

104 (64.2)

0.917

Insulin use

22 (30.6)

38 (33.6)

0.663

35 (41.2)

35 (21.6)

0.001*

Sex-related hormones

Estradiol (E2, pmol/L)

18.4 (18.4-44.9)

20.8 (18.4-46.0)

0.567

107.3 (72.6-133.2)

102.1 (77.8-124.4)

0.546

Luteinizing hormone (LH, mIU/ml)

26.7 (16.8-35.7)

22.6 (14.8-30.8)

0.097

8.1 (6.3-10.8)

7.6 (5.8-9.2)

0.111

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, mIU/ml)

49.5 (35.7-66.4)

44.6 (29.8-55.8)

0.146

9.8 (7.1-12.4)

7.2 (4.9-11.1)

<0.001*

Prolactin (PRL, mIU/L)

346.3 (257.9-458.6)

328.8 (256.3-455.9)

0.844

308.3 (205.9-429.9)

291.2 (220.8.8-409.6)

0.905

Progesterone (nmol/L)

0.40 (0.16-0.75)

0.40 (0.20-0.70)

0.476

0.40 (0.20-0.70)

0.50 (0.30-0.70)

0.332

Total testosterone (TT, nmol/L)

0.4 (0.1-0.8)

0.5 (0.2-0.8)

0.212

16.7 (12.8-21.6)

13.2 (10.4-16.5)

<0.001*

Thyroid-related hormones

Free triiodothyronine (FT3, pmol/L)

4.06±0.61

4.26±0.98

0.112

4.39±0.85

4.63±0.68

0.016*

Free thyroxine (FT4, pmol/L)

16.5±2.4

16.3±2.8

0.708

16.9±2.5

17.4±2.5

0.145

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, mIU/L)

1.91 (1.40-2.98)

2.21 (1.26-2.93)

0.860

1.69 (1.01-2.49)

1.85 (1.28-2.74)

0.180

Parathyroid hormone (PTH, ng/L)

33.1±11.4

36.1±14.1

0.130

35.0±23.1

36.5±16.1

0.536

MAFLD indices

FLI

19.8±16.5

52.9±22.6

<0.001*

21.7±14.5

60.9±22.3

<0.001*

FIB-4 score

1.08±0.48

1.20±0.69

0.178

1.28±1.07

1.02±0.60

0.142