Table 4 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of per SD increases of sex-related and thyroid-related hormones for risk of MAFLD in women and men T2DM patients

Women (n = 185)

Sex-related hormones

Estradiol (E2, pmol/L)

0.927

0.763–1.126

0.444

0.888

0.671–1.176

0.408

Luteinizing hormone (LH, mIU/ml)

0.799

0.615–1.037

0.092

0.998

0.971–1.027

0.910

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, mIU/ml)

0.807

0.611–1.066

0.131

0.999

0.982–1.016

0.915

Prolactin (PRL, mIU/L)

1.070

0.795–1.440

0.656

0.981

0.690–1.394

0.915

Progesterone (nmol/L)

0.944

0.895–0.997

0.037*

0.928

0.854–1.007

0.074

Total testosterone (TT, nmol/L)

1.540

0.735–3.223

0.252

0.928

0.310–2.778

0.895

Thyroid-related hormones

Free triiodothyronine (FT3, pmol/L)

1.393

0.925–2.098

0.112

1.097

0.648–1.858

0.731

Free thyroxine (FT4, pmol/L)

0.945

0.706–1.267

0.706

0.873

0.572–1.330

0.525

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, mIU/L)

1.437

0.789–2.617

0.236

2.138

0.756–6.045

0.152

Parathyroid hormone (ng/L)

1.354

0.913–2.007

0.132

1.258

0.719–2.204

0.421

Men (n = 247)

Sex-related hormones

Estradiol (E2, pmol/L)

0.794

0.301–2.093

0.641

0.441

0.108–1.802

0.254

Luteinizing hormone (LH, mIU/ml)

0.453

0.195–1.051

0.065

0.888

0.802–0.983

0.022*

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, mIU/ml)

0.286

0.105–0.783

0.015*

0.919

0.856–0.986

0.019*

Prolactin (PRL, mIU/L)

0.785

0.520–1.184

0.248

0.830

0.529–1.303

0.418

Progesterone (nmol/L)

1.493

0.629–3.547

0.364

8.069

2.019–32.258

0.003*

Total testosterone (TT, nmol/L)

0.895

0.850–0.942

< 0.001*

0.939

0.874–1.010

0.091

Thyroid-related hormones

Free triiodothyronine (FT3, pmol/L)

1.468

1.069–2.016

0.018*

1.001

0.622–1.611

0.998

Free thyroxine (FT4, pmol/L)

1.234

0.929–1.639

0.146

1.303

0.817–2.079

0.266

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, mIU/L)

1.707

0.746–3.904

0.205

1.190

0.736–1.926

0.478

Parathyroid hormone (PTH, ng/L)

1.083

0.841–1.394

0.537

1.009

0.687–1.483

0.962