Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants according to fatty liver index (n = 8,360)
Characteristic | Total | FLI < 60 | FLI ≥ 60 | P value * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD / n (%) | ||||
N (%) | 8,360 | 5,053 (60.44) | 3,307 (39.56) | - |
Age (year) | 47.60 ± 8.28 | 47.12 ± 8.41 | 48.34 ± 8.02 | < 0.001 |
Sex | ||||
Men | 3569 (42.69) | 2226 (44.05) | 1343 (40.61) | 0.002 |
Women | 4791 (57.31) | 2827 (55.95) | 1964 (59.36) | |
Residency | ||||
Urban | 4954 (59.26) | 2896 (57.31) | 2058 (62.23) | 0.001 |
Rural | 3406 (40.74) | 2157 (42.69) | 1249 (37.77) | |
Socioeconomic status | ||||
Low | 2871 (34.34) | 1806 (35.74) | 1065 (32.20) | 0.004 |
Moderate | 2796 (33.44) | 1658 (32.81) | 1138 (34.41) | |
High | 2693 (32.21) | 1589 (31.45) | 1104 (33.38) | |
Physical activity | ||||
Low | 2546 (30.45) | 1367 (27.05) | 1179 (35.65) | < 0.001 |
Moderate | 4118 (49.26) | 2487 (49.22) | 1631 (49.32) | |
High | 1696 (20.29) | 1199 (23.73) | 497 (15.03) | |
Smoking status | ||||
Current smoker | 748 (8.95) | 508 (10.05) | 240 (7.26) | < 0.001 |
Former | 645 (7.72) | 350 (6.93) | 295 (8.92) | |
Never | 6967 (83.34) | 4195 (83.02) | 2772 (83.82) | |
Comorbidity | ||||
Dyslipidemia | 3654 (43.71) | 1676 (33.17) | 1978 (59.51) | < 0.001 |
T2DM | 740 (8.85) | 274 (5.42) | 466 (14.09) | < 0.001 |
CVD | 1484 (17.75) | 704 (13.93) | 780 (23.59) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 1357 (16.23) | 663 (13.12) | 694 (20.99) | < 0.001 |
Renal failure | 85 (1.02) | 40 (0.79) | 45 (1.36) | 0.011 |
Anthropometric indices | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.69 ± 4.48 | 25.34 ± 3.04 | 31.28 ± 3.91 | < 0.001 |
WHR | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.05 | 0.98 ± 0.05 | < 0.001 |
BFM (kg) | 25.62 ± 9.33 | 21.06 ± 6.61 | 32.60 ± 8.53 | < 0.001 |
VFA (cm2) | 125.72 ± 50.58 | 102.56 ± 39.48 | 161.11 ± 44.88 | < 0.001 |
Liver enzymes | ||||
AST (mg/dl) | 21.22 ± 8.79 | 20.50 ± 7.61 | 22.33 ± 10.25 | < 0.001 |
ALT (mg/dl) | 24.45 ± 14.27 | 21.78 ± 11.04 | 28.55 ± 17.34 | < 0.001 |
GGT (mg/dl) | 24.36 ± 19.74 | 19.10 ± 10.50 | 32.47 ± 26.60 | < 0.001 |
Dietary intake | ||||
Energy intake (Kcal/day) | 2508.48 ± 742.26 | 2494.52 ± 743.30 | 2529.82 ± 740.28 | 0.033 |
Whole grains (gr/day) | 9.98 ± 0.85 | 9.57 ± 1.73 | 10.61 ± 0.22 | < 0.001 |
Refined grains (gr/day) | 502.17 ± 2.50 | 505.15 ± 2.10 | 497.61 ± 2.57 | 0.022 |
Dairy (gr/day) | 442.05 ± 5.05 | 432.11 ± 4.87 | 457.24 ± 6.02 | 0.001 |
Vegetables (gr/day) | 469.48 ± 3.5 | 455.12 ± 3.31 | 491.42 ± 4.10 | 0.001 |
Fruits (gr/day) | 270.78 ± 2.84 | 261.13 ± 2.65 | 285.53 ± 3.28 | < 0.001 |
Meat (gr/day) | 72.96 ± 0.70 | 71.60 ± 0.66 | 75.04 ± 0.82 | 0.001 |
Egg (gr/day) | 19.62 ± 0.27 | 20.43 ± 0.25 | 18.40 ± 0.31 | < 0.001 |
Legumes (gr/day) | 32.62 ± 0.30 | 32.88 ± 0.39 | 32.22 ± 0.48 | 0.288 |
Sweets and desserts (gr/day) | 56.20 ± 0.52 | 58.03 ± 0.49 | 53.41 ± 0.61 | < 0.001 |