Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants

Age (years), mean (SE)

47.24 (0.37)

46.14 (0.44)

50.21(0.54)

< 0.0001

BMI (kg/m²), mean (SE)

28.89 (0.12)

27.70 (0.11)

32.10(0.27)

< 0.0001

STT (ng/dL), mean (SE)

415.24 (3.37)

485.59(3.06)

224.91(1.66)

< 0.0001

STB (µmol/L), mean (SE)

12.03 (0.15)

12.29(0.17)

11.31(0.14)

< 0.0001

Age (years)

0.003

   <60

4477(75.80)

3334(74.47)

1143(25.53)

   ≥60

2049(24.20)

1360(66.37)

689(33.63)

Race, n (%)

0.21

   Mexican American

877 (8.70)

633 (72.18)

244(27.82)

   Non-Hispanic Black

1394 (9.72)

1031 (73.96)

363(26.04)

   Non-Hispanic White

2621 (67.80)

1846 (70.43)

775(29.57)

Other

1634 (13.79)

1184 (72.46)

450(27.54)

Marital status, n (%)

< 0.0001

   Married/living with partner

4205 (66.97)

2906 (69.1)

1299(30.9)

   Widowed/divorced/separated

997 (12.45)

713(71.51)

284(28.49)

   Never married

1324 (20.57)

1075 (81.19)

249(18.81)

Education level, n (%)

0.78

   ≤High school level

3013 (37.59)

2151 (71.39)

862(28.61)

   > High school level

3513 (62.41)

2543 (72.39)

970(27.61)

Smoke status, n (%)

< 0.0001

   Never

3073 (49.35)

2216 (72.11)

857(27.89)

   Former

1941 (29.53)

1282 (66.05)

659(33.95)

   Now

1512 (21.12)

1196 (79.10)

316(20.90)

Alcohol use, n (%)

< 0.0001

   Never

598 (7.29)

408 (68.23)

190(31.77)

   Former

1173 (14.65)

777 (66.24)

396(33.76)

   Now

4755 (78.06)

3509 (73.8)

1246(26.20)

BMI, n (%)

< 0.0001

   Normal

1829 (25.97)

1590 (86.93)

239(13.07)

   Overweight

2469 (38.16)

1840 (74.52)

629(25.48)

   Obesity

2228 (35.87)

1264 (56.73)

964(43.27)

Diabetes, n (%)

< 0.0001

   No

5200 (84.39)

3930 (75.58)

1270(24.42)

   Yes

1326 (15.61)

764 (57.62)

562(42.38)

Hypertension, n (%)

< 0.0001

   No

3713 (60.77)

2846 (76.65)

867(23.35)

   Yes

2813 (39.23)

1848 (65.69)

965(34.31)