Table 2 Logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with the development of DR in T2DM patients

Male

0.841 (0.493, 1.434)

0.525

Age

1.008 (0.988, 1.028)

0.442

Altitude

0.999 (0.999, 1.000)

0.096

Duration of diabetes

1.135 (1.091, 1.181)

< 0.001

1.120 (1.072, 1.170)

< 0.001

Smoking

1.300 (0.783, 2.158)

0.310

Drinking

1.247 (0.724, 2.146)

0.426

Height

0.997 (0.966, 1.028)

0.825

Weight

0.985 (0.967, 1.004)

0.121

Body mass index

0.953 (0.900, 1.010)

0.106

25-OH-VitD3

0.927 (0.882, 0.973)

0.002

0.932 (0.885, 0.982)

0.008

Hemoglobin

0.984 (0.973, 0.995)

0.003

0.991 (0.980, 1.002)

0.108

Fasting blood glucose

1.008 (0.971, 1.047)

0.661

Fasting insulin

1.018 (1.002, 1.034)

0.027

1.006 (0.990, 1.022)

0.491

TSH

0.983 (0.943, 1.025)

0.426

HbA1c

1.016 (0.925, 1.117)

0.734

Parathyroid hormone

1.002 (0.997, 1.008)

0.418

Alanine aminotransferase

0.989 (0.979, 0.999)

0.025

0.996 (0.987, 1.005)

0.410

Aspartate aminotransferase

0.995 (0.983, 1.006)

0.370

Total bilirubin

0.974 (0.940, 1.009)

0.137

Creatinine

1.017 (1.006, 1.028)

0.002

1.004 (0.992, 1.017)

0.495

Uric acid

1.002 (0.999, 1.004)

0.184

Calcium

0.948 (0.346, 2.596)

0.917

Triglycerides

1.064 (0.849, 1.335)

0.589

Total cholesterol

1.239 (0.982, 1.563)

0.071

LDL-C

1.091 (0.811, 1.442)

0.593

Atherosclerosis

1.262 (0.770, 2.066)

0.356

HOMA-β

1.001 (0.999, 1.002)

0.295

HOMA-IR

1.029 (0.999, 1.059)

0.054