Table 1 Clinical characteristics of diabetes patients who tested positive or negative for H. pylori infection^*

Age, years

58.84 ± 10.32

58.56 ± 10.66

59.11 ± 9.98

Gender

 Male

 Female

594 (61.9)

366 (38.1)

311 (64.7)

170 (35.3)

283 (59.1)

196 (40.9)

0.075

BMI, kg/m²

24.65 ± 3.33

24.59 ± 3.29

24.71 ± 3.38

Smoking history

336 (35.0)

182 (37.8)

154 (32.2)

Alcohol intake

211 (22.0)

117 (24.3)

94 (19.6)

Hypertension

491 (51.1)

249 (51.8)

242 (50.5)

Known diabetes duration, years

9.65 ± 7.34

9.54 ± 7.29

9.76 ± 7.41

HbA1c, %

8.81 ± 2.12

8.92 ± 2.13

8.70 ± 2.11

TC, mmol/L

4.49 ± 1.17

4.50 ± 1.16

4.48 ± 1.18

TG, mmol/L

1.55 [1.06, 2.27]

1.55 [1.07, 2.34]

1.54 [1.04, 2.20]

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.09 ± 0.38

1.09 ± 0.45

1.10 ± 0.29

LDL-C, mmol/L

2.51 ± 0.87

2.49 ± 0.83

2.53 ± 0.90

Calcium, mmol/L

2.25 ± 0.11

2.25 ± 0.10

2.24 ± 0.11

Gastroscopy

708 (73.8)

335 (69.6)

373 (77.9)

Endoscopic findings

 Atrophic gastritis

 Peptic ulcer

 Others^a

 No gastroscopy done

116 (12.1)

98 (10.2)

494 (51.5)

252 (26.3)

51(10.6)

70 (14.6)

214 (44.5)

146 (30.4)

65 (13.6)

28 (5.8)

280 (58.5)

106 (22.1)

Osteoporosis

149 (15.5)

70 (14.6)

79 (16.5)

Retinopathy

250 (26.0)

131 (27.2)

119 (24.8)

Nephropathy

147 (15.3)

85 (17.7)

62 (12.9)

Peripheral neuropathy

715 (74.5)

352 (73.2)

363 (75.8)

PVD

607 (63.2)

303 (63.0)

304 (63.5)