Fig. 1

Study flowchart of the retrospective cohort study. 9989 individuals who underwent annual health checkup from January 2019 to December 2021 were firstly recruited. After excluding those with missing data, T2DM before the study or meeting exclusion criteria, 4406 employees were selected as the final cohort. Abbreviations: H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus