Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population

Age (years)

56.26 ± 10.38

56.59 ± 10.54

P = 0.1916

Race (%)

P = 0.1572

Non-Hispanic White

74.56

73.05

Non-Hispanic Black

7.80

9.47

American Mexican

6.22

6.59

Other Hispanic

5.05

4.68

Other races

6.37

6.22

PIR (%)

P < 0.0001

≤ 1.3

15.93

19.48

> 1.3 and ≤ 3.5

31.83

33.94

> 3.5

52.25

46.58

BMI (%)

P < 0.0001

Normal (< 25 kg/m²)

20.57

28.30

Overweight (25–30 kg/m²)

41.72

30.32

Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m²)

37.71

41.38

Waist circumference (cm)

104.79 ± 14.43

98.93 ± 15.87

P < 0.0001

Education (%)

P = 0.5767

Less than High school

17.13

16.30

High school

20.70

21.92

College or above

62.16

61.74

Smoking (%)

P < 0.0001

Never

43.87

57.89

Former

36.78

25.55

Current

19.35

16.56

Alcohol (%)

P < 0.0001

< 12 drinks/year

13.66

32.54

≥ 12 drinks/year

86.34

67.46

Diabetes (%)

P < 0.0001

Yes

21.06

17.11

No

78.94

82.89

Hypertension (%)

P = 0.7308

Yes

42.89

42.47

No

57.11

57.53

CHF (%)

P = 0.0045

Yes

3.77

2.86

No

95.93

97.10

CHD (%)

P < 0.0001

Yes

6.39

2.62

No

93.27

97.03

Angina (%)

P = 0.0365

Yes

3.27

2.24

No

96.54

97.59

Heart attack (%)

P < 0.0001

Yes

6.65

2.96

No

93.28

96.87

Stroke (%)

P = 0.0733

Yes

3.11

3.57

No

96.66

96.39

Cancer (%)

P = 0.6690

Yes

12.76

13.09

No

87.15

86.75

COPD (%)

P = 0.8478

Yes

4.88

4.44

No

95.07

95.53

Hypoglycemic drugs or insulin users (%)

P = 0.0168

Yes

5.80

4.49

No

94.20

95.51

Lipid-lowering drug users (%)

P < 0.0001

Yes

29.24

23.48

No

70.76

76.52

HDL-C (mg/dL)

49.24 ± 14.63

60.71 ± 17.96

P < 0.0001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

116.18 ± 35.98

120.81 ± 35.54

P < 0.0001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

88.95 ± 20.42

86.40 ± 18.53

P < 0.0001

TyG index

8.77 ± 0.63

8.62 ± 0.61

P < 0.0001

Klotho (pg/ml)

822.88 ± 280.41

870.02 ± 316.13

P < 0.0001