Table 2 Overall and subgroup analyses for the effect of probiotics on glycemic indices in women with gestational diabetes
From: The effect of probiotics on gestational diabetes mellitus: an umbrella meta-analysis
| Â | Â | Â | Test of effect | Test of heterogeneity | Â | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcomes | Subgroups | Studies | SMD (95%CI) | I2 (%) | P | Publication bias |
FBS | Overall | 25 | -0.35 (-0.56, -0.23) | 76.1 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Sample size | ≥ 800 participants | 11 | -0.44 (-0.71, -0.17) | 74.6 | 0.001 |  |
| Â | < 800 participants | 13 | -0.53 (-0.82, -0.25) | 79.6 | 0.001 | Â |
| Â | NR | 1 | -0.05 (-0.29, 0.19) | - | - | Â |
Type of intervention | Probiotics | 16 | -0.10 (-0.16, -0.04) | 75.7 | 0.001 | Â |
| Â | Probiotics and synbiotics | 9 | -0.17 (-0.25, -0.08) | 78.5 | 0.001 | Â |
Dose of probiotics | ≥ 125 × 10^9 CFU | 13 | -1.01 (-1.44, -0.57) | 77.1 | 0.001 |  |
|  | < 125 × 10^9 CFU | 9 | -0.19 (-0.38, -0.01) | 77.2 | 0.001 |  |
| Â | NR | 1 | -1.63 (-3.17, -0.05) | - | - | Â |
Duration of supplementation | ≥ 7 weeks | 7 | -0.12 (-0.27, 0.02) | 52.6 | 0.04 |  |
| Â | < 7 weeks | 14 | -0.81 (-1.16, -0.47) | 80.8 | 0.001 | Â |
| Â | NR | 4 | -0.57 (-1.19, 0.05) | 79.3 | 0.002 | Â |
Quality (AMSTAR-2) | Moderate | 15 | -0.69 (-1.00, -0.38) | 79.7 | 0.001 | Â |
| Â | High | 10 | -0.21 (-0.38, -0.03) | 66.7 | 0.001 | Â |
Serum insulin | Overall | 20 | -1.99 (-2.41 to -1.58) | 82.9 | 0.001 | 0.003 |
Sample size | ≥ 800 participants | 10 | -2.02 (-2.45, -1.59) | 10.7 | 0.34 |  |
| Â | < 800 participants | 10 | -1.87 (-2.40, -1.34) | 88.5 | 0.001 | Â |
Type of intervention | Probiotics | 12 | -1.02 (-1.16, -0.87) | 83.9 | 0.001 | Â |
| Â | Probiotics and synbiotics | 8 | -1.27 (-1.55, -0.99) | 82.7 | 0.001 | Â |
Dose of probiotics | ≥ 125 × 10^9 CFU | 5 | -2.60 (-3.15, -2.04) | 0.0 | 0.65 |  |
|  | < 125 × 10^9 CFU | 13 | -1.96 (-2.46, -1.47) | 79.2 | 0.001 |  |
| Â | NR | 2 | -0.97 (-2.27, 0.32) | 49.5 | 0.15 | Â |
Duration of supplementation | ≥ 7 weeks | 6 | -1.44 (-2.20, -0.68) | 66.6 | 0.01 |  |
| Â | < 7 weeks | 12 | -2.15 (-2.70, -1.59) | 84.3 | 0.001 | Â |
| Â | NR | 2 | -2.89 (-4.16, -1.62) | 0.0 | 0.36 | Â |
Quality (AMSTAR-2) | Moderate | 11 | -2.39 (-2.88, -1.90) | 45 | 0.05 | Â |
| Â | High | 9 | -1.34 (-1.78, -0.91) | 77.7 | 0.001 | Â |
HOMA-IR | Overall | 21 | -0.61 (-0.72, -0.50) | 68.8 | 0.001 | 0.01 |
Sample size | ≥ 800 participants | 10 | -0.62 (-0.73, -0.50) | 0.0 | 0.87 |  |
| Â | < 800 participants | 11 | -0.59 (-0.74, -0.44) | 78 | 0.001 | Â |
Type of intervention | Probiotics | 12 | -0.37 (-0.41, -0.32) | 73.0 | 0.001 | Â |
| Â | Probiotics and synbiotics | 9 | -0.63 (-0.74, -0.53) | 0.0 | 0.95 | Â |
Dose of probiotics | ≥ 125 × 10^9 CFU | 13 | -0.58 (-0.71, -0.45) | 71 | 0.001 |  |
|  | < 125 × 10^9 CFU | 7 | -0.69 (-0.82, -0.56) | 0.0 | 0.91 |  |
| Â | NR | 1 | -0.52 (-0.88, -0.16) | - | _ | Â |
Duration of supplementation | ≥ 7 weeks | 5 | -0.67 (-0.91, -0.44) | 0.0 | 0.90 |  |
| Â | < 7 weeks | 14 | -0.59 (-0.72, -0.46) | 75.1 | 0.001 | Â |
| Â | NR | 2 | -0.64 (-0.85, -0.43) | 0.0 | 0.39 | Â |
Quality (AMSTAR-2) | Moderate | 13 | -0.63 (-0.72, -0.55) | 0.0 | 0.93 | Â |
| Â | High | 8 | -0.58 (-0.77, -0.39) | 71.9 | 0.001 | Â |
HOMA-B | Overall | 5 | -24.58 (-30.59, -18.56) | 0.0 | 0.98 | 0.03 |
Sample size | ≥ 800 participants | 3 | -24.07 (-31.87, -16.27) | 0.0 | 0.86 |  |
| Â | < 800 participants | 2 | -25.32 (-34.75, -15.88) | 0.0 | 0.98 | Â |
Type of intervention | Probiotics | 2 | -25.38 (-34.53, -16.23) | 0.0 | 0.99 | Â |
| Â | Probiotics and synbiotics | 3 | -23.97 (-31.94, -15.99) | 0.0 | 0.87 | Â |
Dose of probiotics | ≥ 125 × 10^9 CFU | 4 | -24.36 (-31.15, -17.57) | 0.0 | 0.95 |  |
|  | < 125 × 10^9 CFU | 1 | -25.38 (-38.32, -12.44) | - | _ |  |
Duration of supplementation | ≥ 7 weeks | 1 | -20.58 (-35,52, -5.64) | - | _ |  |
| Â | < 7 weeks | 3 | -25.34 (-32.96, -17.72) | 0.0 | 1.000 | Â |
| Â | NR | 1 | -25.38 (-38.32, -12.44) | - | _ | Â |
Quality (AMSTAR-2) | Moderate | 3 | -24.07 (-31,87, -16.27) | 0.0 | 0.86 | Â |
| Â | High | 2 | -25.32 (-34.75, -15.88) | 0.0 | 0.98 | Â |
QUICKI | Overall | 12 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.01) | 61.5 | 0.003 | 0.43 |
Sample size | ≥ 800 participants | 6 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | 0.0 | 0.97 |  |
| Â | < 800 participants | 6 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) | 74.7 | 0.001 | Â |
Type of intervention | Probiotics | Â | 0.01 (0.00, 0.01) | 69.6 | 0.003 | Â |
| Â | Probiotics and synbiotics | Â | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) | 53.6 | 0.04 | Â |
Dose of probiotics | ≥ 125 × 10^9 CFU | 8 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.01) | 67.6 | 0.003 |  |
|  | < 125 × 10^9 CFU | 3 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | 0.0 | 1.00 |  |
| Â | NR | 1 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | - | _ | Â |
Duration of supplementation | ≥ 7 weeks | 3 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.0 | 1.00 |  |
| Â | < 7 weeks | 7 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) | 70.8 | 0.02 | Â |
| Â | NR | 2 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | 0.0 | 1.00 | Â |
Quality (AMSTAR-2) | Moderate | 7 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.01) | 68.6 | 0.004 | Â |
| Â | High | 5 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.01) | 57.8 | 0.05 | Â |
1Â h OGGT | Overall | 2 | -1.44 (-5.50, 2.62) | 60.8 | 0.11 | - |
2Â h OGGT | Overall | 3 | -0.02 (-0.17, 0.13) | 16.6 | 0.30 | - |
Serum C-peptide | Overall | 2 | 0.03 (-0.22, 0.28) | 0.0 | 0.61 | - |
Serum HbA1C | Overall | 2 | -0.08 (-0.21, 0.05) | 0.0 | 0.40 | - |