Developing a risk model for early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults aged 40 years and above based on BMI/HDL-C: a cross-sectional study

Table 1 Demographic characteristics and body composition parameters of the participants

Indices	Non-MS (n = 370)	MS (n = 329)	P-value
Age (y), M (SD)	64.7 (8.4)	64.2 (9.0)	0.877
Gender, n (%)			0.014
Male	129 (34.9)	86 (26.1)
Female	241 (65.1)	243 (73.9)
Educational level, n (%)			0.024
Illiteracy^aor primary school	261 (70.5)	256 (78.3)
Secondary school or above^b	109 (29.5)	71 (21.7)
Smoking, n (%)
Never smoking	300 (81.1)	278 (84.5)	0.271
Ex-smoker and current smoker	70 (18.9)	51 (15.5)
BMI (kg/m²), M (SD)	25.0 (2.7)	27.0 (3.3)	< 0.001
Normal, n (%)	119 (32.2)	54 (16.4)	< 0.001
Overweight, n (%)	194 (52.4)	152 (46.2)
Obese, n (%)	57 (15.4)	123 (37.4)
BFM (kg), M (SD)	18.5 (5.5)	23.0 (6.3)	< 0.001
PBF (%), M (SD)	29.6 (7.5)	33.9 (6.7)	0.035
VFA (cm²), M (SD)	85.5 (32.5)	110.9 (37.3)	< 0.001
AMC (cm), M (SD)	26.7 (3.1)	27.5 (2.4)	< 0.001
WC (cm), M (SD)	83.0 (7.2)	89.3 (9.0)	< 0.001
WHTR (M (SD))	0.5 (0.1)	0.6 (0.1)	< 0.001
VAI (M (SD))	1.5 (0.9)	3.3 (2.8)	< 0.001

Data were expressed as M (SD) or n (%). Parameters including BMI, BFM, PBF, VFA, AMC, and WC, were compared using t-tests or rank sum tests. Gender, educational level, smoking status, and BMI were compared using Chi-square tests. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Ex-smoker: an individual who has given up cigarettes before our investigation. BMI, Body Mass Index; BFM, Body Fat Mass; PBF, Percent Body Fat; VFA, Visceral Fat Area; AMC, Arm Muscle Circumference; WC, Waist Circumference; WHTR, waist-to-height ratio; VAI, visceral adiposity index; non-MS: non-metabolic syndrome; MS: metabolic syndrome. a: non-formal education; b: including junior high school, high school, technical secondary school, junior college, undergraduate, graduate, and above

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