Table 1 Characteristics of study population
Characteristics | Level | Overall (n = 233) | Normouricaemia (n = 88) | Hyperuricaemia (n = 145) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Gender - n (%)b | Female | 20 (8.6) | 10 (11.4) | 10 (6.9) | 0.348 |
| Â | Male | 213 (91.4) | 78 (88.6) | 135 (93.1) | Â |
 Age (years)a |  | 16.48 (2.21) | 16.61 (1.87) | 16.39 (2.40) | 0.462 |
 Family history of hyperuricaemia - n (%)b | No | 181 (77.70) | 83 (94.30) | 98 (67.60) | < 0.001 |
| Â | Yes | 52 (22.30) | 5 (5.70) | 47 (32.40) | Â |
 Use of UA-lowering drugs - n (%)b | No | 189 (81.10) | 88 (100.00) | 101 (69.70) | < 0.001 |
| Â | Yes | 44 (18.90) | 0 (0.00) | 44 (30.30) | Â |
 SBP z-scorea |  | 0.68 (1.13) | 0.29 (0.93) | 0.94 (1.18) | < 0.001 |
 DBP z-scorea |  | 0.17 (1.00) | 0.50 (0.93) | -0.05 (0.99) | < 0.001 |
 Blood pressure - n (%)b | Normal | 160 (76.90) | 69 (84.10) | 91 (72.20) | 0.068 |
| Â | Elevated | 48 (23.10) | 13 (15.90) | 35 (27.80) | Â |
 BMI (kg/m2)a |  | 24.55 (5.62) | 21.11 (3.63) | 26.64 (5.59) | < 0.001 |
 BMI z-scorea |  | 1.39 (1.80) | 0.26 (1.15) | 2.08 (1.78) | < 0.001 |
 Weight ratings - n (%)b | Normal | 116 (49.80) | 70 (79.50) | 46 (31.70) | < 0.001 |
| Â | Overweight | 37 (15.90) | 11 (12.50) | 26 (17.90) | Â |
| Â | Obesity | 80 (34.30) | 7 (8.00) | 73 (50.30) | Â |
Dietary patterns | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Seafood - n (%)b | None | 92 (39.50) | 29 (33.00) | 63 (43.40) | 0.157 |
| Â | Sometimes | 100 (42.90) | 39 (44.30) | 61 (42.10) | Â |
| Â | Often | 41 (17.60) | 20 (22.70) | 21 (14.50) | Â |
 Fruits - n (%)b | None | 41 (17.60) | 15 (17.00) | 26 (17.90) | 0.036 |
| Â | Sometimes | 109 (46.80) | 50 (56.80) | 59 (40.70) | Â |
| Â | Often | 83 (35.60) | 23 (26.10) | 60 (41.40) | Â |
 Vegetables - n (%)b | None | 13 (5.60) | 7 (8.00) | 6 (4.10) | 0.420 |
| Â | Sometimes | 36 (15.50) | 12 (13.60) | 24 (16.60) | Â |
| Â | Often | 184 (79.00) | 69 (78.40) | 115 (79.30) | Â |
 Milk - n (%)b | None | 35 (15.00) | 14 (15.90) | 21 (14.50) | 0.037 |
| Â | Sometimes | 59 (25.30) | 30 (34.10) | 29 (20.00) | Â |
| Â | Often | 139 (59.70) | 44 (50.00) | 95 (65.50) | Â |
 Sugary beverages - n (%)b | None | 93 (39.90) | 49 (55.70) | 44 (30.30) | < 0.001 |
| Â | Sometimes | 95 (40.80) | 33 (37.50) | 62 (42.80) | Â |
| Â | Often | 45 (19.30) | 6 (6.80) | 39 (26.90) | Â |
Lifestyles | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Weekly exercise time - n (%)b | < 1 h | 39 (16.70) | 7 (8.00) | 32 (22.10) | 0.001 |
|  | 1–3 h | 145 (62.20) | 68 (77.30) | 77 (53.10) |  |
|  | > 3 h | 49 (21.00) | 13 (14.80) | 36 (24.80) |  |
 Weekly staying up late days - n (%)b | None | 38 (16.30) | 17 (19.30) | 21 (14.50) | 0.009 |
|  | 1–2 days | 125 (53.60) | 55 (62.50) | 70 (48.30) |  |
|  | ≥ 3 days | 70 (30.00) | 16 (18.20) | 54 (37.20) |  |
Biomarkers | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 UA (µmol/L)a |  | 448.35 (118.74) | 345.38 (50.01) | 510.84 (103.88) | < 0.001 |
 eGFR (ml/ (min·1.73 m2))a |  | 127.96 (16.56) | 131.48 (13.64) | 125.83 (17.81) | 0.011 |
 GLU (mmol/L)a |  | 4.70 (0.42) | 4.63 (0.27) | 4.74 (0.48) | 0.036 |
 HbAc1 (%)a |  | 5.37 (0.35) | 5.32 (0.24) | 5.39 (0.40) | 0.105 |
 Insulin (µU/mL)a |  | 13.67 (10.04) | 7.40 (3.43) | 17.48 (10.80) | < 0.001 |
 TC (mmol/L)a |  | 4.09 (1.17) | 3.98 (0.73) | 4.15 (1.37) | 0.294 |
 HDL-C (mmol/L)a |  | 1.34 (0.30) | 1.48 (0.31) | 1.25 (0.27) | < 0.001 |
 LDL-C (mmol/L)a |  | 2.37 (0.67) | 2.08 (0.54) | 2.54 (0.69) | < 0.001 |
 HOMA -IRa |  | 2.91 (2.30) | 1.53 (0.73) | 3.75 (2.52) | < 0.001 |
 HOMA-IR - n (%) | <= 3.2 | 160 (68.70) | 83 (94.30) | 77 (53.10) | < 0.001 |
|  | > 3.2 | 73 (31.30) | 5 (5.70) | 68 (46.90) |  |