Table 3 Baseline characteristics of study participants based on different metabolic obesity phenotypes in females

No. of participants

866

685

2444

1733

Age, years

63.63 ± 11.97

64.82 ± 12.28

65.07 ± 11.73^*

66.41 ± 11.70^{*,†, ‡}

Smoking, n (%)

117 (13.5)

104 (15.2)

290 (11.9) *^,†

285 (16.4) ^{*,†, ‡}

Alcohol, n (%)

97 (11.2)

75 (10.9)

421 (17.2) ^†

235 (13.6) ^‡

H. pylori, n (%)

438 (50.6)

359 (52.4) ^*

1318 (53.9) ^*

990 (57.1) ^*,†,‡

GERDQ, score

6.43 ± 2.18

7.07 ± 2.86^*

6.87 ± 2.63^*

7.43 ± 3.05^{*,†, ‡}

BMI, kg/m²

22.06 ± 1.78

29.00 ± 3.53^*

22.26 ± 1.73^†

28.47 ± 3.06^{*,†, ‡}

SBP, mm Hg

117.37 ± 11.53

120.18 ± 11.17^*

131.13 ± 14.78^*,†

135.34 ± 25.75^{*,†, ‡}

DBP, mm Hg

74.75 ± 6.76

74.71 ± 6.79

81.06 ± 9.92^*,†

82.02 ± 9.53^{*,†, ‡}

FBG, mm Hg

5.02 ± 0.45

4.98 ± 0.45

6.02 ± 1.90^*,†

6.03 ± 1.94^*,†

TC, mmol/L

4.49 ± 0.90

4.61 ± 0.89

4.70 ± 2.05^*

4.77 ± 1.94^*

TG, mmol/L

1.15 ± 0.29

1.44 ± 0.27^*

1.77 ± 0.27^*,†

1.87 ± 0.37^{*,†, ‡}

HDL, mmol/L

1.53 ± 0.38

1.28 ± 0.38^*

1.08 ± 0.26^*,†

1.07 ± 0.23^*,†

LDL, mmol/L

2.78 ± 1.13

2.88 ± 0.92

3.02 ± 1.93^*

3.11 ± 1.71^*,†

UA, µmol/L

260.15 ± 70.34

261.65 ± 74.21

314.45 ± 99.65^*,†

320.74 ± 92.69^*,†

AST, U/L

19.02 ± 7.57

18.65 ± 6.20

23.02 ± 12.95^*,†

23.59 ± 16.28^*,†

ALT, U/L

21.96 ± 22.51

22.14 ± 25.21

27.03 ± 18.56^*,†

27.55 ± 25.69^*,†

GGT, U/L

28.35 ± 38.21

30.12 ± 28.95

35.21 ± 47.65^*,†

37.96 ± 42.67^*,†

ALB, g/dL

41.66 ± 5.29

41.58 ± 5.40

40.77 ± 5.33^*,†

40.77 ± 5.58^*,†