Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Sociodemographic detail

 Age (years)

66 (7)

57 (14)

62 (6)

0.149

 Gender n (%)

  Male/Female

  Female

12(80.0)

3(20.0)

10(62.5)

6(37.5)

5(33.3)

10(66.7)

0.032

Diabetes Background

 Duration of diabetes (years)

15.0 (9)

18.5 (13)

16.0 (12)

0.812

 Weight (kg)

75.3 (10.5)

76.8 (28.4)

69.0 (34.8)

0.864

 BMI (kg/m²)

29.7(4.54)

29.4(7.34)

28.4(11.37)

0.954

 Waist circumference (cm)

91.4 (13)

93.2(14.38)

90.0(28.50)

0.678

 HbA1c (mmol/mol)

8.2 (1.70)

8.1(1.95)

8.4(1.00)

0.700

 Fasting Plasma Glucose (mmol/l)

7.7 (2.40)

6.8 (3.85)

7.5 (3.60)

0.543

 Creatinine (umol/L)

103.0 (25)

107.5 (34.50)

88.0 (66)

0.368

 EGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

61 (10)

60 (21)

60(38)

0.944

 CKD staging upon recruitment; n (%)

  CKD 2

  CKD 3

9 (60.0)

6 (40.0)

9 (56.3)

7 (43.8)

9 (60.0)

6 (40.0)

0.970

Diabetic Complications

 Retinopathy; n (%)

6(40.0)

7(43.75)

3(20.0)

0.334

 Neuropathy; n (%)

5(33.3)

6(37.5)

8(53.3)

0.501

 Macrovascular; n (%)

7(46.7)

5(31.25)

8(53.3)

0.443

Diabetic Treatment at Screening

 Biguanides; n (%)

7(46.7)

5(31.3)

6(40.0)

0.697

 Sulphonylurea; n (%)

6(40.0)

1(6.3)

2(13.3)

0.049

 DPP4-I; n (%)

0(0.0)

1(6.3)

1(6.7)

0.602

 SGLT2; n (%)

7(46.7)

10(62.5)

9(60.0)

0.638

 Biguanides + DPP4-I; n (%)

6(40)

10(62.5)

6(40.0)

0.347

 GLP 1 agonist; n (%)

0(0.0)

1(6.3)

0(0.0)

0.384

 Actrapid; n (%)

8(53.3)

9(56.3)

6(40.0)

0.632

 Novorapid; n (%)

1(6.8)

4(25.0)

4(26.7)

0.306

Fasting Risk Category

 Risk level associated with fasting; n (%)

  Moderate risk

  High risk

6(40%)

9(60%)

8(50%)

8(50%)

6(40%)

9(60%)

0.809

Insulin Requirement

 Prandial; (unit/kg/day)

0.22(0.44)

0.43(0.28)

0.26(0.46)

0.193

 Basal insulin; (unit/kg/day)

0.22(0.27)

0.39(0.33)

0.15(0.30)

0.099

 Total insulin; (unit/kg/day)

0.35(0.72)

0.85(0.62)

0.56(0.63)

0.079