Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
First author/date of publication/country | Type of studies | Sample size | Age of participants (years) | Gestational age (weeks) | Race | BMI (kg/m2) | Comparison | Outcome measurements | Outcome | Results | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Souza et al. [23]/Brazil | Cross-Sectional | GDM group: 33 Control group: 55 | GDM group: 30.94 ± 6.2 Control group: 26.1 ± 6.0 | 20 to 25 weeks | GDM group: White = 32% Nonwhite = 68% Control group: White = 45% Nonwhite = 55% | NR | Low-risk pregnancy | FSFI | Total score of Sexual Function Prevalence of sexual dysfunction Sexual function domains (sexual desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain) | There was no statistically significant difference in the total score of sexual function, orgasm, and satisfaction scores between the groups with GDM and the control groups. | 7 |
Ribeiro et al. [24]/Brazil | Cross-Sectional | GDM group: 44 Control group: 43 | GDM group: 30.8 ± 5.2 Control group: 29.2 ± 5.5 | GDM group: 33.8 ± 3.0 Control group: 33.9 ± 3.6 | GDM group: White = 54.5% Nonwhite = 45.5% Control group: White = 53.5% Nonwhite = 46.5% | NR | Healthy Pregnancy | FSFI | Total score of Sexual Function Sexual function domains (sexual desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain) | There was no statistically significant difference observed in the total score of sexual function (P = 0.523), sexual desire (P = 0.775), arousal (P = 0.407), lubrication (P = 0.749), orgasm (P = 0.655), satisfaction (P = 0.956), and pain (P = 0.571) scores between the groups diagnosed with GDM and the control groups. | 7 |
Nunes et al. [26]/ Brazil | CCase-Control | GDM group: 108 Control group: 168 | GDM group: 28.9 ± 4.7 Control group: 25.1 ± 5.3 | GDM group: 37.0 ± 2.7 Control group: 35.4 ± 3.2 | NR | GDM group: 33.25 ± 5.44 Control group: 30.22 ± 5.45 | Healthy Pregnancy | PSRI | Total score of Sexual Function Prevalence of sexual dysfunction Sexual function domains (sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, satisfaction, pain, and frequency of sexual relations) | There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of sexual dysfunction (P < 0.0001), total score of sexual function (P < 0.0001), frequency, arousal, orgasm, satisfaction, pain, and female difficulties score (P < 0.0001) between the groups diagnosed with GDM and the control groups. | 6 |
Zare et al. [27]/Iran | Cross-Sectional | GDM group: 150 Control group: 150 | GDM group: 31.31 ± 0.46 Control group: 28.73 ± 0.41 | GDM group: 34.38 ± 0.18 Control group: 34.78 ± 0.2 | GDM and control groups = White 100% (Persian) | NR | low-risk pregnancy | FSFI | Total score of Sexual Function Sexual function domains (sexual desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain) | There was a statistically significant difference in the total score of sexual function (P = 0.001), sexual desire (P = 0.001), lubrication (P = 0.003), satisfaction (P = 0.001), and pain (P = 0.004) scores between the groups diagnosed with GDM and the control groups. | 9 |
Ozcan et al. [28]/Turkey | Cross-Sectional | GDM group: 65 Control group: 65 | GDM group: 31.68 ± 3.23 Control group: 29.48 ± 4.06 | GDM group: 32.14 ± 3.96 Control group: 31.35 ± 6.08 | GDM and control groups = White 100% (Turkish) | NR | Healthy Pregnancy | GRISS | Total score of sexual function Sexual function domains (Satisfaction and frequency of sexual relations) | There was a statistically significant difference in the total score of sexual function (P < 0.0001) and sexual satisfaction (P < 0.0001) between the groups diagnosed with GDM and the control groups. | 7 |
Tabande et al. [25]/Iran | Cross-Sectional | GDM group: 75 Control group: 75 | 27.8 ± 5.7 | NR | GDM and control groups = White 100% (Persian) | NR | Healthy Pregnancy | FSFI | Total score of Sexual Function Sexual function domains (sexual desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain) | There was no statistically significant difference in the total score and domain-specific scores of sexual function between the groups diagnosed with GDM and the control groups. | 5 |