Skip to main content

Table 1 Comparison of the Characteristics of Shandong adults in 2018 (sample population)*

From: Identify unmet needs in diabetes care in Shandong, China: a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study using cascade of care framework

Characteristic

Self-reported Diabetes (N = 360)

Newly diagnosed Diabetes (N = 693)

PreDiabetes (N = 3,480)

Normoglycemia (N = 3,929)

P valuea

Age, years

 18–44

31 (8.6%)

137 (19.8%)

1,012 (29.1%)

2,159 (55.0%)

 < 0.001b

 45–64

210 (58.3%)

392 (56.6%)

1,789 (51.4%)

1,392 (35.4%)

 

 65–90

119 (33.1%)

164 (23.7%)

679 (19.5%)

378 (9.6%)

 

Age, median (IQR), years

60 (52–67)

55 (48–64)

52 (42–63)

43 (31–53)

 < 0.001b

Male

159 (44.2%)

390 (56.3%)

1,747 (50.2%)

1,749 (44.5%)

 < 0.001b

Rural

222 (61.7%)

412 (59.5%)

2,063 (59.3%)

2,141 (54.5%)

 < 0.001b

Educational level

 ≤ Primary School

181 (50.3%)

288 (41.6%)

1,412 (40.6%)

1,008 (25.7%)

 < 0.001b

 Junior Secondary School

101 (28.1%)

255 (36.8%)

1,235 (35.5%)

1,583 (40.3%)

 

 Senior Secondary School

62 (17.2%)

116 (16.7%)

535 (15.4%)

708 (18.0%)

 

 ≥ Junior College

16 (4.4%)

34 (4.9%)

298 (8.6%)

630 (16.0%)

 

Annual household income (Yuan)

 0–35,000

165 (45.8%)

310 (44.7%)

1,535 (44.1%)

1,486 (37.8%)

 < 0.001b

 35,000–69,999

90 (25.0%)

186 (26.8%)

975 (28.0%)

1,273 (32.4%)

 

 70,000–104,999

42 (11.7%)

78 (11.3%)

402 (11.6%)

493 (12.5%)

 

 105,000–1,200,000

29 (8.1%)

45 (6.5%)

235 (6.8%)

261 (6.6%)

 

 Refused

10 (2.8%)

18 (2.6%)

86 (2.5%)

119 (3.0%)

 

No health insurance

10 (2.8%)

16 (2.3%)

109 (3.1%)

126 (3.2%)

 < 0.001b

Ever screening for diabetesc

358 (99.4%)

452 (65.2%)

1742 (50.1%)

1784 (45.4%)

 < 0.001b

BPHS involvement

248 (68.9%)

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

Currently Smoking

56 (15.6%)

164 (23.7%)

807 (23.2%)

767 (19.5%)

 < 0.001b

0–400 g/d of fruits or vegetables

139 (38.7%)

220 (31.8%)

1,113 (32.1%)

1,138 (29.0%)

 < 0.001b

Central Obesityd

208 (57.8%)

419 (60.5%)

1,629 (46.8%)

1,265 (32.2%)

 < 0.001b

BMI,kg/m2 d

 lowest (13.5) < 24.0

84 (23.3%)

152 (21.9%)

1,121 (32.2%)

1,736 (44.2%)

 

 24.0–27.9

157 (43.6%)

274 (39.5%)

1,411 (40.5%)

1,466 (37.3%)

 

 28.0-highest (55.0)

118 (32.8%)

267 (38.5%)

947 (27.2%)

721 (18.4%)

 

History of CVD

45 (12.5%)

38 (5.5%)

131 (3.8%)

71 (1.8%)

 < 0.001b

MetS

301 (83.6%)

574 (82.8%)

1,839 (52.8%)

1,010 (25.7%)

 < 0.001b

HbA1c, mean (SD), %e

7.3 (1.6)

6.5 (1.4)

5.4 (0.4)

5.1 (0.3)

 < 0.001b

FPG, mean (SD), mmol/Lf

8.9 (2.9)

8.1 (2.7)

5.9 (0.4)

5.1 (0.3)

 < 0.001b

2 h-OGTT, median (IQR), mmol/Lg

N.A

12.2 (9.3–15.2)

6.5 (5.4–7.9)

5.3 (4.6–6.1)

 < 0.001b

BP, mean (SD), mmHgh

 Systolic

143.0 (19.3)

142.0 (18.4)

135.0 (18.0)

128.0 (16.5)

 < 0.001b

 Diastolic

82.4 (10.2)

83.4 (10.6)

80.7 (10.8)

77.8 (10.3)

 < 0.001b

Cholesterol, median (IQR), f

 Total, mmol/L

5.2 (4.5–5.9)

5.3 (4.7–6.0)

5.1 (4.5–5.8)

4.7 (4.1–5.3)

 < 0.001b

 HDL, mmol/L

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

1.4 (1.1–1.7)

1.4 (1.2–1.7)

 < 0.001b

 LDL, mmol/L

3.1 (2.5–3.8)

3.3 (2.6–3.8)

3.1 (2.6–3.7)

2.8 (2.3–3.4)

 < 0.001b

 Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.7 (1.1–2.5)

1.6 (1.1–2.4)

1.7 (0.9–1.9)

1.1 (0.8–1.6)

 < 0.001b

Serum Creatinine, median (IQR), μmol/L

64.0 (55.0–76.0)

68.0 (57.0–79.0)

68.0 (59.0–79.0)

67.0 (58.0–78.0)

 < 0.001b

Albuminuria, mg/g i

    

 < 0.001b

 Normalbuminuria

282 (78.3%)

601 (86.7%)

3,226 (92.7%)

3,674 (93.5%)

 

 Microalbuminuria

66 (18.3%)

73 (10.5%)

177 (5.1%)

144 (3.7%)

 

 Macroalbuminuria

11 (3.1%)

12 (1.7%)

21 (0.6%)

15 (0.4%)

 

eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 j

    

 < 0.001b

 Normal

249 (69.2%)

500 (72.2%)

2,516 (72.3%)

3,263 (83.0%)

 

 Mild

98 (27.2%)

187 (27.0%)

929 (26.7%)

637 (16.2%)

 

 Moderate to terminal

13 (3.6%)

6 (0.9%)

35 (1.0%)

26 (0.7%)

 
  1. Abbreviations: BPHS Basic Public Health Services, CVD Cardiovascular disease, MetS Metabolic syndrome, HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c, FPG Fasting plasma glucose, 2 h-OGTT Two-hour oral glucose tolerance test, BP blood pressure, HDL High-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate
  2. *The results presented in the table were calculated based on survey participants. Continuous variables are described by the mean (SD), while categorical variables are described by n (%)
  3. aValues were calculated using the Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables and the chi-squared test for categorical variables
  4. bStatistically significant (P < 0.05, two-sided test)
  5. cEver screening for diabetes included receiving blood glucose test at home or in medical institutions
  6. dParticipants with missing data on BMI or waist circumference were excluded from the analysis (n = 8, one in prevalent diabetes, one in prediabetes, and six in normoglycemia)
  7. eParticipants with missing data on HbA1c were excluded from analysis (n = 11, four in prediabetes, and seven in normoglycemia)
  8. fParticipants with missing data on FPG, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, and serum creatinine were excluded from analysis (n = 3, all in normoglycemia)
  9. gParticipants with missing data on 2 h-OGTT were excluded from analysis (n = 599, 360 in prevalent diabetes, 88 in newly diagnosed diabetes, 84 in prediabetes, and 67 in normoglycemia)
  10. hParticipants with missing data on SBP and DBP were excluded from analysis (n = 10, one in prevalent diabetes, two in prediabetes, and seven in normoglycemia)
  11. iNormalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria were defined as having a urinary albumin‒creatinine ratio of less than 30, 30 to 300, and greater than 300 mg/g, respectively
  12. jNormal, mild, and moderate to terminal were defined as having an eGFR of more than 90, 60 to 90, and less than 60 mL/min/1.73m2, respectively
Back to article page

BMC Endocrine Disorders

ISSN: 1472-6823

Contact us