Table 2 Factors associated with pre-diabetes and T2DM among Cape Verdean adult population

Gender

Men

Ref.

-

Ref.

-

Women

0.98 [0.71–1.35]

-

1.43 [0.94–2.16]

-

Age

18–32 years

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

33–52 years

2.16 [1.35–3.46]**

1.76 [1.08–2.88]*

2.57 [1.34–4.93]**

1.86 [0.94–3.66]

53 years and older

4.48 [2.80–7.17]***

3.20 [1.88–5.44]***

7.03 [3.72–13.27]***

3.51 [1.71–7.18]**

Educational level

No formal education

Ref.

-

Ref.

Ref.

Primary/basic

0.97 [0.52–1.81]

-

0.42 [0.24–0.74]**

0.63 [0.34–1.18]

Secondary

0.51 [0.26–0.97]*

-

0.19 [0.10–0.36]***

0.39 [0.19–0.82]*

Tertiary

0.34 [0.14–0.81]*

-

0.17 [0007-0.43]***

0.33 [0.12–0.88]*

Marital status

Never married

Ref.

Ref.

Married

1.40 [0.91–2.16]

-

1.70 [1.03–2.83]*

-

Previously married

1.58 [0.87–2.83]

-

1.56 [0.87 [2.83]

-

Cohabiting

1.15 [0.69–1.91]

-

1.15 [0.69–1.91]

-

Residence

Rural

Ref.

-

Ref.

Ref.

Urban

1.11 [0.81–1.54]

-

1.61 [1.06–2.45]*

1.92 [1.23-3.00]**

Hypertension status

Normotensive

Ref.

-

Ref.

-

Hypertensive

1.95 [1.41–2.68]***

-

2.37 [1.61–3.50]***

-

Alcohol consumption

Yes

Ref.

-

Ref.

-

No

1.02 [0.72–1.43]

-

1.41 [0.95–2.10]

-

Visited healthcare facility

No

Ref.

-

Ref.

-

Yes

0.99 [0.72–1.37]

-

1.57 [1.03–2.40]*

-

Employment status

Unemployed

Ref.

-

Ref.

-

Employed

1.16 [0.84–1.59]

-

0.90 [0.61–1.33]

-

Fruit consumptions

Four or more servings

Ref.

-

Ref.

-

Less than four servings

0.88 [0.57–1.36]

-

1.33 [0.72–2.47]

-

Vegetable consumptions

Four or more servings

Ref.

-

Ref.

Ref.

Less than four servings

0.99 [0.72–1.37]

-

1.64 [1.07–2.53]*

1.74 [1.12–2.71]*

BMI categories

Underweight

1.85 [0.80–4.25]

1.94 [0.82–4.57]

0.35 [0.05–2.59]

-

Normal

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

-

Overweight/obese

2.00 [1.42–2.81]***

1.57 [1.10–2.23]*

1.63 [1.09–2.43]*

-

Total cholesterol level

Normal TCL

Ref.

-

Ref.

Ref.

High TCL

1.94 [1.38–2.73]***

-

3.51 [2.37–5.20]***

2.48 [1.64–3.76]***