Association of dietary insulin index (DII) and dietary insulin load (DIL) with circadian rhythm and quality of sleep among overweight and obese women: a cross-sectional study

Mirzababaei, Atieh; Abaj, Faezeh; Radmehr, Mina; Ghorbani, Moloud; Aali, Yasaman; Harsini, Asma Rajabi; Clark, Cain C. T.; Mirzaei, Khadijeh

doi:10.1186/s12902-024-01811-1

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population among participants and based on adherence to DII and DIL

From: Association of dietary insulin index (DII) and dietary insulin load (DIL) with circadian rhythm and quality of sleep among overweight and obese women: a cross-sectional study

Characteristics	DII (N = 280)					DIL (N = 280)
Characteristics	Low (< 38.89) (N = 140)	High (≥ 38.89) (N = 140)	P-value	P-value*		Low (< 9700.31) (N = 140)	High (≥ 9700.31) (N = 140)	P-value	P-value*
Age (year)	35.89 ± 8.46	36.85 ± 8.58	0.34	0.35		37.13 ± 8.63	35.63 ± 8.38	0.14	0.14
PA (min/day)	1151.48 ± 1702.46	1201.06 ± 2310.77	0.84	0.84		1165.37 ± 2011.52	1186 ± 2030.63	0.93	0.33
Anthropometric indices
Body weight (kg)	80.53 ± 11.09	79.30 ± 10.84	0.34	0.85		78.98 ± 10.44	80.87 ± 11.43	0.15	0.77
Height (cm)	161.32 ± 5.49	161.32 ± 6.19	0.99	0.85		160.60 ± 5.84	162.04 ± 5.76	0.03	0.14
BMI (kg/m²)	30.90 ± 3.88	30.56 ± 3.63	0.46	0.86		30.57 ± 3.65	30.88 ± 3.86	0.49	0.27
Fat mass (kg)	33.85 ± 7.78	33.00 ± 7.58	0.35	0.93		32.91 ± 7.33	33.93 ± 8.02	0.26	0.42
BF (%)	41.70 ± 5.02	40.88 ± 5.57	0.20	0.93		41.52 ± 5.07	41.06 ± 5.55	0.46	0.27
FMI (kg/m)	13.09 ± 3.08	12.75 ± 2.91	0.34	0.96		12.88 ± 2.97	12.95 ± 3.03	0.85	0.25
FFM (kg)	46.57 ± 5.25	46.58 ± 5.56	0.99	0.90		45.82 ± 5.32	47.33 ± 5.39	0.01	0.54
WC (cm)	99.03 ± 9.70	97.82 ± 9.07	0.28	0.68		97.88 ± 9.27	98.97 ± 9.51	0.33	0.43
WHR (cm)	0.93 ± 0.05	1.57 ± 7.69	0.32	0.41		1.58 ± 7.72	0.93 ± 0.04	0.65	0.29
Blood parameters
FBG (mg/dl)	87.05 ± 9.51	87.51 ± 9.97	0.71	0.74		87.43 ± 9.60	87.12 ± 9.88	0.80	0.94
TC (mg/dl)	183.85 ± 34.72	184.05 ± 36.76	0.96	0.58		186.60 ± 38.33	181.16 ± 32.60	0.24	0.06
TG (mg/dl)	124.01 ± 62.76	117.02 ± 58.29	0.67	0.92		120.86 ± 58.27	119.27 ± 62.74	0.15	0.69
HDL-c (mg/dl)	47.43 ± 9.35	45.99 ± 11.62	0.29	0.49		47.22 ± 11.15	46.17 ± 9.93	0.44	0.81
LDL-c (mg/dl)	95.90 ± 24.25	93.05 ± 23.51	0.35	0.85		95.19 ± 25.10	93.73 ± 22.60	0.64	0.18
Blood pressure
SBP (mmHg)	110.007 ± 13.23	112.10 ± 13.52	0.20	0.57		111.007 ± 13.41	111.09 ± 13.42	0.95	0.97
DBP (mmHg)	76.58 ± 9.68	78.51 ± 9.45	0.09	0.94		77.49 ± 8.99	77.60 ± 10.19	0.92	0.30
Qualitative variables
Marital situation
Single	29 (45.3)	35 (54.7)	0.39		0.40	28 (43.8)	36 (56.3)	0.25		0.26
Married	111 (51.4)	105 (48.6)	0.39		0.40	112 (51.9)	104 (48.1)	0.25		0.26
Education
Less diploma	23 (57.5)	17 (42.5)	0.45		0.44	24 (60)	16 (40)	0.33		0.33
Diploma	54 (51.4)	51 (48.6)				53 (50.5)	52 (49.5)
Bachelor or higher	62 (46.6)	71 (53.4)				62 (46.6)	71 (53.4)
Job
Employed	51 (47.2)	57 (52.8)	0.45		0.46	60 (55.6)	48 (44.4)	0.13		0.11
Unemployed	86 (51.8)	80 (48.2)	0.45		0.46	77 (46.4)	89 (53.6)	0.13		0.11
Economic status
Poor	36 (58.1)	26 (41.9)	0.12		0.13	38 (61.3)	24 (38.7)	0.05		0.05
Moderate	58 (43.6)	75 (56.4)				57 (42.9)	76 (57.1)
Good	38 (53.5)	33 (46.5)				37 (52.1)	34 (47.9)

DII: dietary insulin index, DIL: dietary insulin load, PA: physical activity, BMI: body mass index, BF: body fat, FMI: fat mass index, FFM: fat free mass, WC: waist circumference, WHR: weight to hip ratio, FBG: fasting blood glucose, TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, HDL−c: high−density lipoprotein, LDL−c: low−density lipoprotein, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure
Quantitative variables as means ± SD obtained from the independent t−test
Qualitative variables N (%) obtained from the chi−square analysis
P−value* obtained from ANCOVA test. P−values < 0.05 were considered significant
P−value* for adjustment model, based on age, energy intake and IPAQ

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