Table 1 Characteristics of study population
Variables | Total (N = 13290) | Tertiles of chloride | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (N = 5068) | Q2 (N = 5298) | Q3 (N = 2924) | |||
Age (Year) | 48.20 ± 0.35 | 49.20 ± 0.49 | 47.54 ± 0.42 | 47.54 ± 0.51 | 0.01 |
Sex n(%) | < 0.01 | ||||
Male | 6477(48.54) | 2699(52.72) | 2549(47.50) | 1229(42.49) | |
Female | 6813(51.46) | 2369(47.28) | 2749(52.50) | 1695(57.51) | |
Ethnicity n(%) | < 0.01 | ||||
White | 5511(69.34) | 2146(70.71) | 2206(69.54) | 1159(66.28) | |
Black | 2878(10.01) | 1041(9.12) | 1134(9.91) | 703(11.92) | |
Mexican | 1695(7.63) | 553(6.41) | 706(7.98) | 436(9.33) | |
Other | 3206(13.02) | 1328(13.76) | 1252(12.57) | 626(12.47) | |
Education n(%) | 0.14 | ||||
Less than high school | 2432(11.73) | 892(11.01) | 946(11.56) | 594(13.43) | |
High school | 2963(22.23) | 1106(22.92) | 1165(21.50) | 692(22.32) | |
More than high school | 7895(66.04) | 3070(66.07) | 3187(66.94) | 1638(64.24) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.42 ± 0.12 | 29.29 ± 0.20 | 29.26 ± 0.14 | 29.99 ± 0.18 | < 0.01 |
PIR | 3.08 ± 0.05 | 3.15 ± 0.05 | 3.11 ± 0.06 | 2.88 ± 0.07 | < 0.01 |
Alcohol user | < 0.01 | ||||
Never | 1814(10.18) | 665(9.07) | 700(10.04) | 449(12.59) | |
Former | 1815(11.14) | 568(8.98) | 782(12.14) | 465(13.40) | |
Mild | 4902(39.53) | 2002(42.22) | 1922(39.12) | 978(35.13) | |
Moderate | 2203(18.74) | 819(18.42) | 900(19.25) | 484(18.34) | |
Heavy | 2556(20.41) | 1014(21.32) | 994(19.44) | 548(20.54) | |
Smoking n(%) | 0.01 | ||||
Never | 7569(56.90) | 2863(56.94) | 3096(57.96) | 1610(54.75) | |
Former | 3227(25.51) | 1263(26.74) | 1273(24.95) | 691(24.19) | |
Now | 2494(17.59) | 942(16.32) | 929(17.09) | 623(21.06) | |
Total energy intake (kCal/day) | 2017.04 ± 12.80 | 2023.69 ± 19.84 | 2020.52 ± 16.36 | 1997.39 ± 26.00 | 0.64 |
Total fat intake(g/day) | 79.04 ± 0.63 | 80.39 ± 0.85 | 78.52 ± 0.81 | 77.43 ± 1.49 | 0.09 |
Total cholesterol(mg/day) | 286.07 ± 3.02 | 296.17 ± 4.34 | 279.08 ± 3.85 | 280.09 ± 5.81 | 0.01 |
eGFR(ml/min) | 93.52 ± 0.41 | 92.74 ± 0.56 | 94.21 ± 0.60 | 93.71 ± 0.60 | 0.15 |
Serum chloride level (mM) | 103.07 ± 0.10 | 100.12 ± 0.06 | 103.96 ± 0.02 | 107.06 ± 0.04 | < 0.01 |
Serum bicarbonate level(mM) | 25.12 ± 0.07 | 25.80 ± 0.10 | 25.05 ± 0.08 | 23.94 ± 0.08 | < 0.01 |
Serum potassium level(mM) | 4.00 ± 0.01 | 3.99 ± 0.02 | 4.01 ± 0.01 | 4.02 ± 0.01 | 0.2 |
Serum sodium level(mM) | 139.35 ± 0.11 | 138.41 ± 0.15 | 139.67 ± 0.09 | 140.56 ± 0.08 | < 0.01 |
Physical activity n(%) | 0.11 | ||||
Inactive | 5028(33.41) | 1942(33.38) | 1959(32.58) | 1127(35.09) | |
Active | 8262(66.59) | 3126(66.62) | 3339(67.42) | 1797(64.91) | |
MetS n(%) | < 0.01 | ||||
No | 7915(62.17) | 2801(59.37) | 3292(63.86) | 1822(64.29) | |
Yes | 5375(37.83) | 2267(40.63) | 2006(36.14) | 1102(35.71) | |
CVD n(%) | < 0.01 | ||||
No | 11,864(91.36) | 4413(89.89) | 4840(92.98) | 2611(91.08) | |
Yes | 1426(8.64) | 655(10.11) | 458(7.02) | 313(8.92) | |