Table 2 Dietary intake of the study participants across categories of the dietary inflammatory index

Energy (kcal/d)

1758 ± 283

1688 ± 313

1778 ± 387

1810 ± 686

0.36

Nutrients

Carbohydrate (g/d)

252 ± 38.5

263 ± 41.3

265 ± 39.2

325 ± 94.0

0.01

Total fat (g/d)

58.1 ± 12.9

53.0 ± 13.8

61.3 ± 13.8

77.1 ± 24.4

0.01

Total protein (g/d)

45.4 ± 10.2

50.3 ± 16.5

58.0 ± 14.8

66.2 ± 25.7

0.02

Saturated fat (g/d)

17.2 ± 4.33

19.3 ± 4.71

20.6 ± 4.79

24.6 ± 6.67

0.001

PUFA (g/d)

26.3 ± 6.22

21.8 ± 6.14

19.6 ± 6.25

18.0 ± 6.34

< 0.001

MUFA (g/d)

20.5 ± 3.25

18.7 ± 3.65

16.9 ± 3.50

14.3 ± 5.50

< 0.001

Dietary fiber (g/d)

20.5 ± 2.57

18.7 ± 2.54

16.2 ± 2.99

14.6 ± 6.80

< 0.001

Vitamin C (mg/d)

456 ± 58.4

352 ± 62.1

272 ± 81.2

201 ± 241

< 0.001

Magnesium (mg/d)

365 ± 39.1

272 ± 38.1

221 ± 49.3

199 ± 108

< 0.001

Calcium (mg/d)

530 ± 252

623 ± 271

752 ± 336

931 ± 458

< 0.001

Zinc (mg/d)

5.04 ± 1.64

7.18 ± 3.42

8.40 ± 3.08

11.26 ± 4.86

< 0.001

Iron (mg/d)

12.1 ± 9.85

21.6 ± 30.1

24.7 ± 25.3

38.3 ± 38.5

< 0.001

Copper (mg/d)

0.78 ± 0.23

1.08 ± 0.22

1.34 ± 0.26

1.81 ± 0.78

< 0.001

Vitamin A

425 ± 233

587 ± 205

753 ± 239

1122 ± 652

< 0.001

Vitamin E

7.20 ± 2.54

9.17 ± 2.82

9.99 ± 2.58

11.8 ± 3.59

< 0.001

Vitamin D

1.39 ± 1.19

2.28 ± 1.54

2.78 ± 2.21

3.67 ± 2.10

< 0.001

Vitamin K

69.3 ± 44.7

88.5 ± 38.6

115 ± 42.3

152 ± 69.3

< 0.001

Vitamin B1

0.8 ± 0.18

1.08 ± 0.24

1.23 ± 0.22

1.63 ± 0.67

< 0.001

Vitamin B2

0.79 ± 0.33

1.06 ± 0.36

1.27 ± 0.36

1.71 ± 0.63

< 0.001

Vitamin B3

9.16 ± 2.06

12.02 ± 2.67

13.9 ± 2.20

17.53 ± 4.49

< 0.001

Vitamin B6

1.24 ± 0.47

1.75 ± 0.42

2.25 ± 0.72

3.08 ± 1.24

< 0.001

Folate

165 ± 53.9

236 ± 55.3

300 ± 67.6

435 ± 78.3

< 0.001

Vitamin B12

2.03 ± 1.80

2.57 ± 1.54

2.93 ± 1.61

3.90 ± 2.27

< 0.001

Pantothenic Acid

2.67 ± 0.82

3.69 ± 0.95

4.48 ± 1.08

6.02 ± 2.21

< 0.001

Biotin

24.5 ± 7.14

32.7 ± 9.32

34.7 ± 8.55

43.2 ± 12.7

< 0.001

Food groups

Grains (g/d)

166 ± 58.7

173 ± 64.9

179 ± 58.8

201 ± 79.8

< 0.001

Dairy (g/d)

223 ± 177

273 ± 182

313 ± 203

413 ± 301

< 0.001

Fruits (g/d)

423 ± 118

396 ± 146

306 ± 174

287 ± 273

< 0.001

Vegetables (g/d)

367 ± 89.4

292 ± 77.2

254 ± 91.7

212 ± 140

< 0.001

Legumes and nuts (g/d)

26.4 ± 9.78

23.2 ± 10.1

21.4 ± 10.6

19.6 ± 16.5

< 0.001

Red and processed meat (g/d)

9.43 ± 8.33

12.1 ± 8.68

14.1 ± 9.50

15.8 ± 12.5

< 0.001

Poultry (g/d)

6.83 ± 6.68

8.82 ± 6.66

10.9 ± 10.6

12.3 ± 11.9

< 0.001

Fish (g/d)

1.12 ± 1.66

1.57 ± 2.43

1.67 ± 2.33

2.32 ± 2.50

< 0.001

Egg (g/d)

15.5 ± 14.0

23.4 ± 29.0

22.5 ± 20.3

28.7 ± 21.7

< 0.001