Table 4 Characteristics of the studies included in meta-analysis of the dietary inflammatory index and risk of gestational diabetes
Author, Country Year | Study design | Participants/ cases | Mean age, year | Dietary assessment tool | Dietary assessment timeframe | Effect size (highest compared to the lowest category) | Adjustments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shivappa, 2018 Iran | Hospital-based case-control | 388/122 | 29 | FFQ | One year before the interview | OR: 2.10 (1.02–4.34) | Age, energy, gestational age, exercise, BMI, history of diabetes, history of exposure to smoking and history of supplemental intake. | |
Killeen, 2021 Ireland | Prospective cohort | 394/57 | 32.5 | 3-day food diaries | Early pregnancy (14–16 weeks) and late pregnancy (28 weeks) | RR: 0.86 (0.55–1.35) | Maternal age at recruitment, ethnicity, economic advantage, smoking, study group, and maternal BMI (over 30 kg/m2) | |
Pajunen, 2021 Finland | Prospective cohort | 351/81 | 31.3 | 3-day food diaries | Early pregnancy | RR: 1.28 (1.08–1.49) | Pre-pregnancy BMI and original trial intervention groups | |
Sen, 2021 US | Pre–birth cohort study | 1808/96 | 32 | FFQ | First and second trimesters | RR: 0.78 (0.65–0.95) per one-unit increase | Maternal prepregnancy BMI, education, age, parity, race/ethnicity, smoking during pregnancy, and household income. | |
Soltani, 2021 Iran | Prospective cohort | 812/231 | 30 | FFQ | Weeks 8 and 16 of pregnancy | RR: 0.97 (0.66–1.41) | Physical activity, education occupation status, family number, history of stillbirth, history of preterm delivery, history of cesarean, history of abortion), pregnancy number (≤ 2/≥3) and baseline-BMI, maternal weight gain | |
Zhang, 2021 China | Prospective cohort | 2639/347 | ≥ 18 | FFQ | First trimester | RR:1.43 (1.05–1.95) | Age at enrollment, prepregnancy BMI, education level, average personal income, family history of diabetes, smoking and drinking habits, parity, pregnancy exercise, total energy intake, gestational week at FFQ, weight gain before GDM diagnosis, and multivitamin supplement use | |
Persian cohort, 2022 Iran | Prospective cohort | 635/80 | 29 | FFQ | First trimester | RR: 2.72 (1.11–6.63) | Age, education, occupation, family income, marital status, physical activity, prepregnancy body mass index, energy intake, history of hypertension and weight gain during current pregnancy | |