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Table 3 The association between risk factors and chronic DM complications

From: Prevalence of chronic diabetic complications and associated risk factors among follow-up diabetic patients: estimates from a referral national diabetes center in Yemen

Risk factors

Overall n(%)

DM Complications

Macro-vascular Complications

Microvascular Complications

CAD

Stroke

PAD

Retinopathy

Nephropathy

Neuropathy

Diabetic Foot

HbA1c Categories

       

 Control DM (HbA1c ≤ 7%)

135(60.8)

17(12.6)

9(6.7)

9(6.7)

37(27.4)

28(2.7)

26(19.3)

37(27.4)

 Uncontrol DM (HbA1c > 7%)

67(30.2)

20(23.0)

14(16.1)

13(14.9)

38(43.7)

31(35.6)

28(32.2)

36(41.4)

  p-value

0.042

0.024

0.044

0.012

0.014

0.028

0.031

Adherence to DM treatment

       

 Yes

92(41.1)

6(6.5)

3(1.9)

4(4.3)

13(14.1)

7(6.5)

9(9.8)

23(25.0)

 No

130(58.6)

31(23.8)

20(15.4)

18(13.8)

62(47.7)

52(45.6)

45(34.6)

50(38.5)

  p-value

< 0.001

0.003

0.020

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.035

Family History of DM

       

 Yes

104(46.8)

20(19.2)

13(12.5)

9(8.7)

44(42.3)

32(30.8)

30(28.8)

43(41.3)

 No

118(53.2)

17(14.4)

10(8.5)

13(10.9)

31(26.3)

27(22.9)

24(20.3)

30(25.4)

  p-value

0.336

0.326

0.557

0.012

0.184

0.140

0.012

BP Control

       

 Yes

133(53.2)

16(12.0)

6(4.5)

4(3.0)

38(28.6)

29(21.8)

34(25.6)

53(39.8)

 No

89(40.1)

21(23.6)

17(19.1)

18(20.2)

28(41.6)

30(33.7)

20(22.5)

20(22.5)

  p-value

0.023

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.045

0.049

0.599

0.007

Type of DM

       

 Type I

81(36.5)

24(29.6)

16(19.8)

15(18.5)

33(40.7)

27(33.3)

28(34.6)

43(53.1)

 Type II

141(63.5)

13(9.2)

7(5.0)

7(5.0)

42(29.8)

32(22.7)

26(18.4)

30(21.3)

  p-value

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.001

0.097

0.084

0.007

< 0.001

Duration of DM (years)

       

 < 10

72(32.4)

6(8.3)

3(4.2)

3(4.2)

27(37.5)

16(22.2)

15(20.8)

20(27.8)

 10–20

117(52.7)

19(16.2)

12(10.3)

11(9.4)

28(23.9)

28(23.9)

25(21.4)

33(28.2)

 > 20

33(14.9)

12(36.4)

8(24.2)

8(24.2)

20(60.6)

15(45.5)

14(42.4)

20(60.6)

  p-value

0.002

0.007

0.006

< 0.001

.028

0.032

0.001

Regular follow-up with physician

      

 Yes

126(56.8)

13(10.3)

6(4.8)

5(4.0)

21(16.7)

19(15.1)

17(13.5)

29(23.0)

 No

93(43.2)

24(25.0)

17(17.7)

17(17.7)

54(56.3)

40(41.7)

37(38.5)

44(45.8)

  p-value

0.004

0.002

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.006

Lipid Lowering Medication

      

 Yes

155(69.8)

24(15.5)

11(7.1)

10(6.5)

47(30.3)

39(25.2)

33(21.3)

50(32.3)

 No

67(30.2)

13(19.4)

12(17.9)

12(17.9)

28(41.8)

20(29.9)

21(31.3)

23(34.3)

  p-value

0.472

0.015

0.009

0.097

0.468

0.109

0.763

  1. - CAD: Coronary artery disease; PAD: Peripheral arterial disease; DM: Diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; BP: Blood pressure