Table 4 Multiple binary logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with chronic DM complications

Sex

 Male

0.43(0.20-0.91)*

 Female

reference

Age group (years)

 ≤ 20

4.55(0.64-31.92)

 21–40

0.39(0.11 − 1.30)

 > 40

reference

Educational Level

 Illiterate

1.43(0.13-16.25)

2.03(0.48-8.55)

5.86(1.06–32.27)*

4.18(1.13–15.47)*

 Primary School

1.45(0.12-18.06)

1.03(0.25-4.23)

4.96(0.88-27.98)

1.89(0.52-6.92)

 Secondary School

0.28(0.01-9.32)

0.97(0.19 − 4.9)

0.85(1.13–47.10)

0.78(0.91-16.61)

 University and above

reference

Place of Residence

 Urban

0.37(0.09-1.43)

0.47(0.11-1.98)

 Rural

reference

Family income

 Low income

0.07(0.01-0.64)*

0.07(0.01-0.66)*

 Middle income

0.06(0.00-1.10)

0.04(0.00-0.87)*

 High income

reference

Occupation

 Unemployed

2.97(1.27–6.93)*

 Employed

reference

BMI Categories

 Obese

2.88(1.22–6.85)*

4.84(1.39–16.89)*

3.67(1.02–13.18)*

2.86(1.23–6.66)*

2.60(1.23–5.46)*

1.73(0.85-3.54)

 Non-Obese

reference

HbA1c

 Uncontrol (> 7%)

1.53(0.66-3.58)

1.94(0.23-3.78)

2.78(0.19-3.28)

1.23(0.55 − 2.70)

1.65(0.79-3.44)

1.26(0.63-2.53)

1.21(0.60-2.45)

 Control (≤ 7%)

reference

Adherence to DM treat

 No

5.60(1.96–16.02)**

12.10(2.34–62.48)**

7.80(1.61–37.81)*

7.60(3.00-19.22)**

8.26(3.22–21.21)**

4.79(2.20-10.39)**

1.32(0.65-2.69)

 Yes

reference

Family History of DM

 No

0.32(0.14-0.72)**

0.54(0.28-1.05)

 Yes

reference

Bp Control

 No

2.88(1.23–6.76)*

7.62(2.01–28.84)**

13.69(2.81–66.82)**

2.36(1.05–5.25)*

2.54(1.19–5.44)*

3.66(1.71–7.83)**

 Yes

reference

Type of DM

 Type I

3.11(1.33–7.28)**

3.57(0.96-13.23)

3.59(0.88-14.64)

1.09(0.52-2.25)

3.88(1.95–7.75)**

 Type II

reference

Duration of DM (years)

 < 10

0.20(0.06-0.74)*

0.08(0.01-0.67)*

0.10(0.01-0.88)*

0.28(0.08-0.91)*

0.26(0.09-0.75)*

0.46(0.16-1.28)

0.48(0.17-1.32)

 10-≤20

0.50(0.17-1.43)

0.48(0.11-2.18)

0.51(0.10-2.59)

0.15(0.04-0.45)**

0.41(0.15-1.09)

0.20(0.07-0.53)**

0.44(0.17-1.14)

 > 20

reference

Follow-up with physician

 No

1.56(0.68 − 3.60)

1.49(0.42-5.35)

1.93(0.50-7.52)

4.63(2.14–10.01)*

2.51(1.20–5.25)*

2.66(1.30–5.44)**

2.30(1.13–4.68)*

 Yes

reference

Lipid Lowering Medication

 No

3.18(0.86-11.70)*

3.23(0.84-12.40)*

 Yes

reference