Table 1 Assessment of the quality of case-control and cross-sectional studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale
Case-control studies | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Authors and years | Selection | Comparability | Exposition | Score | Judgement | ||||||
Is the case definition appropriate? (1) | Representativeness of the cases (2) | Selection of controls (3) | Definition of controls(4) | The study controls for the most important factor (5) | The study controls for any additional important factor(s) (6) | Determination of exposure (7) | Same method of determining cases and controls (8) | Non-response rate* (9) | |||
Meng et al. 2015 [22] | -- | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | NA | 7 | Good quality |
Meng et al. 2015 [23] | -- | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | NA | 7 | Good quality |
Chehadeh et al. 2021 [24] | -- | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | NA | 7 | Good quality |
Ustinova et al. 2021 [25] | -- | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | NA | 7 | Good quality |
Cross-sectional studies | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Representativeness of the sample (10) | Size of the sample (11) | Not surveyed (12) | Determination of exposure (risk factor) (13) | The study controls for the most important factor (14) | The study controls for any additional factor (15) | Outcome assessment (16) | Statistical analysis (17) | ||||
Margolis et al. 2013 [19] | ☆ | -- | -- | ☆ | ☆ | -- | ☆☆ | -- | 6 | Acceptable quality | |
Tang et al. 2019 [20] | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | 10 | Very good quality | |
Mansour et al. 2023 [26] | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | 9 | Very good quality | |