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Table 2 Characteristics of Hospitals And Patients Undergoing Thyroidectomy Before And After Matching, Grouped by Smoking Status, National Inpatient Sample 2016–2020

From: Smoking is associated with adverse clinical outcomes after thyroidectomy: a 5-year retrospective analysis

Demographic Characteristics

Unmatched cohort

Matched cohort

Non-smoker

n = 12,377

(%)

Current Smoker

n = 1360

(%)

P-value

SMD

Non-smoker

n = 5090

(%)

Current Smoker

n = 1360

(%)

SMD

Age (y, median, IQR)

56 (42–67)

52.5 (41–62)

 < 0.001

0.190

52 (39–65)

52.5 (41–62)

0.024

Race/Ethnicity

  

 < 0.001

    

White

56.3

62.1

 

0.120

61.6

62.1

0.012

Black

16.2

22.4

 

0.157

22.0

22.4

0.010

Hispanic

16.1

8.8

 

0.224

9.5

8.8

0.028

Othera

11.4

6.7

 

0.165

6.9

6.7

0.008

Gender

  

 < 0.001

0.157

  

0.012

Female

72.9

65.7

  

66.3

65.7

 

Male

27.1

34.3

  

33.7

34.3

 

Income Quartile by Zip Code

  

 < 0.001

    

1st

26.4

38.3

 

0.256

37.1

38.3

0.026

2nd

24.5

27.5

 

0.069

27.8

27.5

0.006

3rd

24.8

19.7

 

0.123

20.1

19.7

0.009

4th

24.3

14.5

 

0.249

15.1

14.5

0.016

Primary Expected Payer

  

 < 0.001

    

Medicare

33.4

27.6

 

0.126

28.7

27.6

0.024

Medicaid

15.7

29.5

 

0.333

25.3

29.5

0.094

Private

45

35.7

 

0.189

38.8

35.7

0.064

Otherb

5.9

7.1

 

0.052

7.1

7.1

0.000

Admission Type

  

0.132

0.043

   

Elective

82.4

80.7

  

82.0

80.7

 

Non-elective

17.6

19.3

  

18.0

19.3

 

Procedure Type

  

0.067

    

Total Thyroidectomy

55.5

57.2

 

0.035

57.1

57.2

0.003

Unilateral Thyroidectomy

35.9

33.0

 

0.061

33.3

33.0

0.007

Partial Thyroidectomy

8.6

9.8

 

0.040

9.6

9.8

0.006

Surgical Indication

  

 < 0.001

0.215

  

0.142

Thyroid Malignancy

50.6

40.0

  

53.0

60.0

 

Other Thyroid Disorders

49.4

60.0

  

47.0

40.0

 

Hospital Bed Size

  

0.176

    

Small

13.0

14.0

 

0.032

14.4

14.0

0.010

Medium

22.2

23.6

 

0.034

23.4

23.6

0.004

Large

64.9

62.4

 

0.053

62.2

62.4

0.004

Hospital Location/Teaching Status

  

 < 0.001

    

Rural

2.9

4.7

 

0.097

4.4

4.7

0.015

Urban Non-teaching

13.1

11.5

 

0.046

10.7

11.5

0.027

Urban Teaching

84.1

83.8

 

0.009

84.9

83.8

0.032

Hospital Region

  

 < 0.001

    

Northeast

23.0

18.0

 

0.123

19.0

18.0

0.024

Midwest

16.3

24.8

 

0.212

23.3

24.8

0.034

South

34.3

38.5

 

0.087

38.6

38.5

0.001

West

26.4

18.7

 

0.186

19.1

18.7

0.012

Comorbidity

       

Myocardial Infarction

2.6

3.8

0.014

0.067

3.5

3.8

0.012

Congestive Heart Failure

5.4

7.3

0.006

0.076

6.8

7.3

0.019

Cerebrovascular Disease

1.6

2.1

0.220

0.036

2.0

2.1

0.007

Chronic Pulmonary Disease

13.8

26.1

 < 0.001

0.313

23.5

26.1

0.060

Liver Disease

1.7

3.1

 < 0.001

0.091

2.7

3.1

0.026

Renal Disease

6.7

6.0

0.371

0.028

6.2

6.0

0.007

Diabetes Mellitus

20.5

19.8

0.570

0.017

19.9

19.8

0.004

Metastatic Solid Tumor

22.5

20.0

0.035

0.062

20.7

20.0

0.018

  1. aIncludes Asian or Pacific Islander, Native American, and other
  2. bIncludes self−pay, no charge and others
  3. Mann–Whitney U test was performed for age
  4. SMD standardized mean difference
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BMC Endocrine Disorders

ISSN: 1472-6823

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