Table 1 Comparison of patient characteristics by GCI stratification groups

Range

 ≤ 88.82

88.82–108.79

 > 108.79

Demographics

 Male

133 (64%)

137 (66%)

132 (64%)

0

0.8

 Age (years)

67.97 (61.00, 76.08)

70.56 (61.63, 78.69)

73.99 (66.27, 80.00)

0

 < 0.001

Race

0

0.2

 Asian

6 (2.9%)

2 (1.0%)

4 (1.9%)

 Black/African American

14 (6.7%)

12 (5.8%)

16 (7.7%)

 Hispanic or Latino

13 (6.3%)

6 (2.9%)

7 (3.4%)

 White

122 (59%)

147 (71%)

124 (60%)

 Other

53 (25%)

40 (19%)

56 (27%)

Prognosis

 Length of ICU stay (days)

3.77 (2.73, 5.65)

3.46 (2.45, 5.19)

4.05 (2.81, 6.94)

0

0.071

 Length of hospital stay (days)

10.85 (7.98, 15.68)

10.21 (7.14, 14.57)

11.05 (6.29, 16.01)

0

0.6

 Hospital mortality

12 (5.8%)

15 (7.2%)

36 (17%)

0

 < 0.001

 one-year mortality

38 (18%)

40 (19%)

76 (37%)

0

 < 0.001

 Hypoglycemia

91 (44%)

60 (29%)

32 (15%)

0

 < 0.001

Interventions

 PCI

21 (10%)

25 (12%)

44 (21%)

0

0.003

 CABG

148 (71%)

122 (59%)

68 (33%)

0

 < 0.001

 Dialysis within the first 24 h of ICU admission

2 (1.0%)

8 (3.9%)

16 (7.7%)

0

0.003

 Mechanical ventilation within the first 24 h of ICU admission

127 (61%)

100 (48%)

96 (46%)

0

0.005

 Usage of vasoactive drugs within the first 24 h of ICU admission

124 (60%)

115 (56%)

103 (50%)

0

0.13

GCI-related

 Mean blood glucose in ICU stay (mmol/L)

8.01 (7.29, 9.35)

8.37 (7.51, 9.41)

10.13 (8.56, 12.06)

0

 < 0.001

 Median blood glucose in ICU stay (mmol/L)

7.61 (6.78, 8.76)

8.00 (7.11, 9.06)

9.53 (8.16, 11.32)

0

 < 0.001

 HbA1c (%)

8.70 (7.60, 10.50)

6.90 (6.35, 7.70)

6.40 (5.85, 7.20)

0

 < 0.001

 GCI

76.27 (64.04, 82.77)

99.87 (94.28, 104.68)

125.62 (116.07, 143.08)

0

 < 0.001

Comorbidities

 Congestive heart failure

113 (54%)

113 (55%)

151 (73%)

0

 < 0.001

 Cerebrovascular disease

50 (24%)

41 (20%)

49 (24%)

0

0.5

 Chronic pulmonary disease

44 (21%)

52 (25%)

57 (28%)

0

0.3

 Renal disease

65 (31%)

82 (40%)

95 (46%)

0

0.009

 Cancer

10 (4.8%)

13 (6.3%)

12 (5.8%)

0

0.8

Illness severity

 APSIII

41.50 (34.00, 53.00)

42.00 (34.00, 55.00)

49.00 (38.00, 62.00)

0

 < 0.001

 Urine output within the first 24 h of ICU admission (mL)

1,525.00 (1,077.25, 1,986.25)

1,575.00 (992.50, 2,323.75)

1,310.00 (782.50, 2,110.00)

11(1.77)

0.13

Laboratory results

 PT (s)

14.15 (13.05, 15.55)

14.13 (13.01, 15.30)

13.65 (12.50, 15.25)

16 (2.27)

0.085

 APTT (s)

36.13 (29.19, 49.90)

38.70 (30.28, 62.18)

40.23 (29.91, 62.34)

15 (2.41)

0.049

 RDW (%)

14.00 (13.20, 14.95)

14.15 (13.33, 15.23)

14.40 (13.50, 15.70)

1 (0.16)

0.021

 Hematocrit (%)

30.63 (27.94, 34.50)

30.70 (27.98, 36.13)

30.70 (27.80, 36.03)

0

 > 0.9

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

10.23 (9.35, 11.45)

10.05 (9.25, 11.80)

10.15 (9.00, 11.93)

0

0.8

 Platelets (× 10⁹/L)

184.50 (144.38, 236.38)

190.00 (145.50, 265.25)

203.00 (157.50, 274.75)

0

0.050

 WBC (× 10⁹/L)

12.75 (9.94, 15.70)

12.25 (10.03, 15.58)

12.65 (10.40, 15.73)

0

0.6

 Anion Gap (mmol/L)

13.50 (11.38, 16.00)

14.50 (12.00, 16.50)

15.50 (13.00, 18.50)

0

 < 0.001

 Bicarbonate (mmol/L)

23.00 (21.50, 24.50)

23.00 (20.75, 25.00)

22.50 (20.00, 25.00)

0

0.8

 BUN (mg/dL)

19.50 (14.50, 30.13)

24.00 (16.50, 35.25)

28.00 (19.50, 50.75)

0

 < 0.001

 Creatinine (mmol/L)

1.05 (0.85, 1.40)

1.15 (0.85, 1.75)

1.45 (1.00, 2.53)

0

 < 0.001

 Potassium (mmol/L)

4.40 (4.10, 4.75)

4.35 (4.03, 4.70)

4.35 (3.95, 4.70)

1 (0.16)

0.5

 Sodium (mmol/L)

137.50 (136.00, 140.00)

138.00 (136.00, 139.50)

137.50 (134.50, 140.00)

0

0.7