Table 2 Characteristics of the study population, National health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 1999–2010 (N = 29,554)
Characteristic | Symptom of diabetes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Total | Without pre-DM/DM | Pre-DM | DM | p-Value |
NO. | 29,554 | 17,473 | 7872 | 4209 | Â |
Age(year), Mean ± SD | 48.3 ± 19.1 | 42.0 ± 18.2 | 55.1 ± 17.5 | 61.9 ± 13.9 | < 0.001 |
Gender, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Male | 14,290 (48.4) | 7889 (45.1) | 4233 (53.8) | 2168 (51.5) |  |
 Female | 15,264 (51.6) | 9584 (54.9) | 3639 (46.2) | 2041 (48.5) |  |
Race, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Mexican American | 6235 (21.1) | 3663 (21) | 1559 (19.8) | 1013 (24.1) |  |
 Other Hispanic | 1963 (6.6) | 1080 (6.2) | 577 (7.3) | 306 (7.3) |  |
 Non-Hispanic White | 14,393 (48.7) | 8918 (51) | 3774 (47.9) | 1701 (40.4) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 5735 (19.4) | 3097 (17.7) | 1627 (20.7) | 1011 (24) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Asian | 1228 (4.2) | 715 (4.1) | 335 (4.3) | 178 (4.2) |  |
Marital status, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Refused | 725 (2.5) | 540 (3.1) | 129 (1.6) | 56 (1.3) |  |
 Married | 15,356 (52.0) | 8659 (49.6) | 4359 (55.4) | 2338 (55.5) |  |
 Widowed | 2564 (8.7) | 937 (5.4) | 910 (11.6) | 717 (17) |  |
 Divorced | 2702 (9.1) | 1427 (8.2) | 788 (10) | 487 (11.6) |  |
 Separated | 912 (3.1) | 504 (2.9) | 263 (3.3) | 145 (3.4) |  |
 Never married | 5327 (18.0) | 4058 (23.2) | 943 (12) | 326 (7.7) |  |
 Living with partner | 1968 (6.7) | 1348 (7.7) | 480 (6.1) | 140 (3.3) |  |
Poverty income ratio, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 ≤0.99 | 5474 (18.5) | 3264 (18.7) | 1370 (17.4) | 840 (20) |  |
 ≥1 | 21,694 (73.4) | 12,877 (73.7) | 5841 (74.2) | 2976 (70.7) |  |
 Refused | 2386 (8.1) | 1332 (7.6) | 661 (8.4) | 393 (9.3) |  |
Drinking Status, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 <12drinks/year | 16,810 (56.9) | 10,265 (58.7) | 4110 (52.2) | 2435 (57.9) |  |
 ≥12drinks/year | 12,744 (43.1) | 7208 (41.3) | 3762 (47.8) | 1774 (42.1) |  |
Smoking Status |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Never | 16,079 (54.4) | 10,083 (57.7) | 3974 (50.5) | 2022 (48) |  |
 Current | 6194 (21.0) | 3808 (21.8) | 1671 (21.2) | 715 (17) |  |
 Former | 7281 (24.6) | 3582 (20.5) | 2227 (28.3) | 1472 (35) |  |
Body mass index, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 <25 kg/m2 | 9129 (31.5) | 6821 (39.7) | 1741 (22.5) | 567 (13.9) |  |
 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 10,037 (34.6) | 5939 (34.6) | 2821 (36.5) | 1277 (31.4) |  |
 ≥30 kg/m2 | 9812 (33.9) | 4429 (25.8) | 3162 (40.9) | 2221 (54.6) |  |
Educational level, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Refused | 1297 (4.4) | 1125 (6.4) | 155 (2) | 17 (0.4) |  |
 Less than high school | 8623 (29.2) | 4231 (24.2) | 2579 (32.8) | 1813 (43.1) |  |
 High school or GED | 6710 (22.7) | 3879 (22.2) | 1895 (24.1) | 936 (22.2) |  |
 Above high school | 12,924 (43.7) | 8238 (47.1) | 3243 (41.2) | 1443 (34.3) |  |
Hyperlipidemic, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 8154 (27.6) | 3348 (19.2) | 2726 (34.6) | 2080 (49.4) |  |
 No | 21,400 (72.4) | 14,125 (80.8) | 5146 (65.4) | 2129 (50.6) |  |
Hypertension, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 9350 (31.6) | 3551 (20.3) | 3115 (39.6) | 2684 (63.8) |  |
 No | 20,204 (68.4) | 13,922 (79.7) | 4757 (60.4) | 1525 (36.2) |  |
Stroke, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 1010 (3.4) | 329 (1.9) | 319 (4.1) | 362 (8.6) |  |
 No | 28,544 (96.6) | 17,144 (98.1) | 7553 (95.9) | 3847 (91.4) |  |
Heart Disease, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 1192 (4.0) | 382 (2.2) | 360 (4.6) | 450 (10.7) |  |
 No | 28,362 (96.0) | 17,091 (97.8) | 7512 (95.4) | 3759 (89.3) |  |
IBI, Mean ± SD | 0.9 ± 1.4 | 0.9 ± 1.3 | 1.0 ± 1.4 | 1.3 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |