Table 1 The characteristics and laboratory parameters of the children

(n = 100)

(n = 133)

(n = 143)

Age (years; mean ± SD)

12.7 ± 2.2

13.0 ± 2.6

13.1 ± 2.7

0.143

8–17 (12)^*

6–17 (13)^*

6–17 (14)^*

Gender(Male/female)

1.04 (51/49)

1.14 (71/62)

0.6 (54/89)

0.35

BMI(kg/m2)

20.4 ± 1.6

24.3 ± 2.3

29.0 ± 4.3

 < 0.001

17–24 (20)^*

19–29 (25)^*

20–45 (28)^*

Glucose (74–109 mg/dL)

90.5 ± 7.1

92.7 ± 7.2

93.9 ± 8.2

0.005

74–109 (91)^*

73–111 (92)^*

75–125 (94)^*

FPI (2.6—24.9 mU/L)

14.2 ± 11.6

17.2 ± 9.6

24.6 ± 18.1

 < 0.001

3–86 (11.5)^*

4–47 (14)^*

4–105 (20)^*

HbA1 C(< 5.7%)

5.29 ± 0.21

5.36 ± 0.27

5.44 ± 1.15

0.070

4.6–5.9 (5.3)^*

4.3–6.1 (5.4)^*

2.3–18.2 (5.3)^*

HOMA-IR

2.73 ± 1.3

3.98 ± 2.35

6.48 ± 11.1

 < 0.001

0.10–5.80 (2.45)^*

0.2–12 (3.3)^*

0.3–28 (4.6)^*

ALT (0–41 IU/L)

14.6 ± 7.6

19.8 ± 11.6

22.8 ± 24.0

 < 0.001

6–55 (12)^*

6–87 (17)^*

5–271 (19)^*

AST (0–50 IU/L)

19.7 ± 4.7

20.5 ± 7.7

22.4 ± 13.5

0.194

11–34 (19)^*

10–65 (19)^*

11–145 (20)^*

TG(0–200 mg/dL)

80.9 ± 34.7

107.1 ± 55.6

126.0 ± 69.2

 < 0,001

35–231 (73.5)^*

41–398 (89)^*

36–550 (108)^*

HDL (35–55 mg/dL)

54.5 ± 12.1

48.5 ± 9.6

47.2 ± 9.8

 < 0.001

30–88 (54.5)^*

29–71 (48)^*

28–78 (47)^*

Total cholesterol (50–200 mg/dL)

155.6 ± 29.6

159.3 ± 30.8

162.6 ± 29.8

0.156

71–229 (152.5)^*

43–238 (162)^*

84–254 (160)^*

LDL (0–100 mg/dL)

84.4 ± 24.5

92.0 ± 23.6

93.8 ± 35.8

0.014

29–147 (80.5)^*

24–167 (91)^*

27–400 (88)^*

TG/HDL

1.58 ± 0.82

2.39 ± 1.65

2.92 ± 2.15

 < 0.001

0.41–4.8 (1.47)^*

0.66–11.3 (1.85)^*

0.48–17.1 (2.31)^*

TC/HDL

2.92 ± 0.67

3.38 ± 0.93

3.55 ± 0.89

 < 0.001

1.62–4.76 (2.86)^*

1.10–6.77 (3.25)^*

2.01–6.59 (3.44)^*

LDL/HDL

1.62 ± 0.58

1.96 ± 0.68

2.06 ± 1.09

 < 0.001

0.55–3.33 (1.56)^*

0.61–4.41 (1.95)^*

0.75–12.5 (1.98)^*

TyG index

4.40 ± 0.20

4.55 ± 0.23

4.62 ± 0.25

 < 0.001

4.96 (4.39)^*

4.01–5.28 (4.54)^*

3.37–5.49 (4.6)^*

FGIR

9.04 ± 4.78

6.98 ± 3.64

5.40 ± 3.50

 < 0.001

3.46–31 (8.17)^*

2.06–23.5 (6.6)^*

0.90–22.5 (4.6)^*

QUICKI

0.33 ± 0.03

0.31 ± 0.02

0.30 ± 0.03

 < 0.001

0.29–0.40 (0.33)^*

0.27–0.38 (0.31)^*

0.24–0.39 (0.3)^*