Table 1 Characteristics of the study population according to status of diabetic retinopathy
Characteristic | Total Participants (n = 1172) | Without DR (n = 814) | With DR (n = 358) | P value c |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, n (%) | 0.442 | |||
Male | 594 (50.7%) | 406 (49.9%) | 188 (52.5%) | |
Female | 578 (49.3%) | 408 (50.1%) | 170 (47.5%) | |
Age, mean (SD), y | 63.2 (10.8) | 63.0 (10.8) | 63.7 (10.8) | 0.250 |
Race/ethnicity, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 485 (41.4%) | 360 (44.2%) | 125 (34.9%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 337 (28.8%) | 210 (25.8%) | 127 (35.5%) | |
Mexican American | 226 (19.3%) | 153 (18.8%) | 73 (20.4%) | |
Other | 124 (10.6%) | 91 (11.2%) | 33 (9.2%) | |
Education, n (%) | 0.056 | |||
Less than high school | 467 (39.8%) | 306 (37.6%) | 161 (45.0%) | |
High school | 308 (26.3%) | 224 (27.5%) | 84 (23.5%) | |
College or higher | 397 (33.9%) | 284 (34.9%) | 113 (31.6%) | |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.578 | |||
Married or living with partner | 726 (61.9%) | 509 (62.5%) | 217 (60.6%) | |
Not married | 446 (38.1%) | 305 (37.5%) | 141 (39.4%) | |
Poverty income ratio, n (%) | 0.455 | |||
< 1.85 | 573 (48.9%) | 390 (47.9%) | 183 (51.1%) | |
1.85 to 3.50 | 304 (25.9%) | 211 (25.9%) | 93 (26.0%) | |
≥ 3.50 | 295 (25.2%) | 213 (26.2%) | 82 (22.9%) | |
Weight status by BMI, n (%) | 0.030 | |||
Normal or underweight (< 25.0) | 152 (13.0%) | 107 (13.1%) | 45 (12.6%) | |
Overweight (25.0 to 30.0) | 332 (28.3%) | 212 (26.0%) | 120 (33.5%) | |
Obese (≥ 30.0) | 688 (58.7%) | 495 (60.8%) | 193 (53.9%) | |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.052 | |||
Never smoker | 532 (45.4%) | 351 (43.1%) | 181 (50.6%) | |
Former smoker | 442 (37.7%) | 323 (39.7%) | 119 (33.2%) | |
Current smoker | 198 (16.9%) | 140 (17.2%) | 58 (16.2%) | |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.229 | |||
Never drinker | 213 (18.2%) | 147 (18.1%) | 66 (18.4%) | |
Former drinker | 179 (15.3%) | 115 (14.1%) | 64 (17.9%) | |
Current drinker | 780 (66.6%) | 552 (67.8%) | 228 (63.7%) | |
General health status, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
Excellent to good | 640 (54.6%) | 468 (57.5%) | 172 (48.0%) | |
Fair or poor | 532 (45.4%) | 346 (42.5%) | 186 (52.0%) | |
Duration of diabetes, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
< 10 years | 786 (67.1%) | 655 (80.5%) | 131 (36.6%) | |
≥ 10 years | 386 (32.9%) | 159 (19.5%) | 227 (63.4%) | |
HbA1c, mean (SD) | 7.25 (1.68) | 6.94 (1.49) | 7.98 (1.86) | < 0.001 |
HbA1c level, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
< 6.5 | 411 (35.1%) | 340 (41.8%) | 71 (19.8%) | |
≥ 6.5 | 761 (64.9%) | 474 (58.2%) | 287 (80.2%) | |
Blood haemoglobin level, n (%) a | 0.004 | |||
Normal/High | 997 (85.1%) | 709 (87.1%) | 288 (80.4%) | |
Low | 175 (14.9%) | 105 (12.9%) | 70 (19.6%) | |
History of comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
Hypertension | 965 (82.3%) | 660 (81.1%) | 305 (85.2%) | 0.105 |
Hypercholesteraemia | 643 (54.9%) | 432 (53.1%) | 212 (59.2%) | 0.059 |
Congestive heart failure | 123 (10.5%) | 64 (7.9%) | 59 (16.5%) | < 0.001 |
Coronary heart disease | 138 (11.8%) | 88 (10.8%) | 50 (14.0%) | 0.148 |
Angina/angina pectoris | 97 (8.3%) | 64 (7.9%) | 33 (9.2%) | 0.509 |
Heart attack | 139 (11.9%) | 82 (10.1%) | 57 (15.9%) | 0.006 |
Stroke | 127 (10.8%) | 74 (9.1%) | 53 (14.8%) | 0.005 |
Dietary iron intake, mg/d, Mean (SD) | 13.9 (6.62) | 14.3 (6.76) | 13.2 (6.24) | 0.008 |
Adequate intake of iron by RDA, n (%) b | 0.176 | |||
Adequate | 245 (20.9%) | 161 (19.8%) | 84 (23.5%) | |
Inadequate | 927 (79.1%) | 653 (80.2%) | 274 (76.5%) |