Table 4 Factors associated with nodular thyroid based on ultrasound imaging findings among patients with hypothyroidism

Overall

221(100)

107(48.4)[41.8–55]

114(51.6)[45–58.2]

Age (years)

≤ 30

84(38.0)

43(51.2)[40.5–61.9]

41(48.8)[38.1–59.5]

1

1

31–50

86(38.9)

43(50.0)[39.4–60.6]

43(50.0)[39.4–60.6]

0.95[0.52–1.74]

0.877

1.34[0.55–3.27]

0.515

51–70

40(18.1)

19(47.5)[32.0–63.0]

21(52.5)[37.0–68]

0.86[0.41–1.83]

0.701

1.24[0.43–3.59]

0.687

> 70

11(5.0)

2(18.2)[-4.6–41]

9(81.8)[59.0–104.6]

0.21[0.04–1.04]

0.056

0.26[0.04–1.49]

0.130

Gender

Male

61(27.6)

35(57.4)[45.0–69.8]

26(42.6)[30.2–55.0]

0.49[0.10–1.08]

0.103

2.11[1.07–4.17]

0.032

Female

160(72.4)

72(45.0)[37.3–52.7]

88(55.0)[47.3–62.7]

1

1

Marital Status

Single

78(35.3)

41(52.6)[41.5–63.6]

37(47.4)[36.4–58.5]

1

1

Married

143(64.7)

66(46.2)[38–54.3]

77(53.8)[45.7–62.0]

0.77[0.45–1.34]

0.363

0.73[0.31–1.75]

0.484

Educational Level

Tertiary

90(40.7)

38(42.2)[32.0–52.4]

52(57.8)[47.6–68.0]

1

1

Secondary

57(25.8)

30(52.6)[39.7–65.6]

27(47.4)[34.4–60.3]

1.52[0.78–2.96]

0.218

1.59[0.79–3.20]

0.195

Basic

38(17.2)

18(47.4)[31.5–63.2]

20(52.6)[36.8–68.5]

1.23[0.57–2.64]

0.592

1.36[0.61–3.04]

0.451

None

36(16.3)

21(58.3)[42.2–74.4]

15(41.7)[25.6–57.8]

1.92[0.88–4.19]

0.104

2.21[0.96–5.08]

0.062

Residential Status

Within Accra Metro

133(60.2)

60(45.1)[36.7–53.6]

73(54.9)[46.4–63.3]

1

1

Outside Accra Metro

88(39.8)

47(0.032]

41(46.6)[36.2–57.0]

1.39[0.81–2.39]

0.228

1.52[0.86–2.69]

0.153

Blood Pressure

Low/Normal

187(84.6)

87(46.5)[39.4–53.7]

100(53.5)[46.3–60.6]

1

1

High

34(15.4)

20(58.8)[42.3–75.4]

14(41.2)[24.6–57.7]

1.64[0.78–3.44]

0.190

1.84[0.84–4.04]

0.130

Body Mass Index*

Normal

3(5.3)

2(66.7)[13.3–120.0]

1(33.3)[-20.0–86.7]

1

Overweight/Obesity

54(94.7)

26(48.1)[34.8–61.5]

28(51.9)[38.5–65.2]

0.46[0.04–5.42]

0.541

-

Total

57(25.8)

28(49.1)[36.1–62.1]

29(50.9)[37.9–63.9]

Dyslipidaemia ¥

No

9(28.1)

7(77.8)[50.6–104.9]

2(22.2)[-4.9–49.4]

1

Yes

23(71.9)

13(56.5)[36.3–76.8]

10(43.5)[23.2–63.7]

0.37[0.06–2.19]

0.274

-

Total

32(14.5)

20(62.5)[45.7–79.3]

12(37.5)[20.7–54.3]

Chronic Condition

No

187(84.6)

92(49.2)[42.0–56.4]

95(50.8)[43.6–58.0]

1

1

Yes

34(15.4)

15(44.1)[27.4–60.8]

19(55.9)[39.2–72.6]

0.91[0.41–2.02]

0.822

0.96[0.41–2.29]

0.932

Past/current smoker

No

197(89.1)

95(48.2)[41.2–55.2]

102(51.8)[44.8–58.8]

1

1

Yes

24(10.9)

12(50.0)[30.0–70.0]

12(50.0)[30.0–70.0]

1.07[0.46–2.51]

0.869

0.69[0.27–1.78]

0.447

Past/current drinker

No

162(73.3)

81(50.0)[42.3–57.7]

81(50.0)[42.3–57.7]

1

1

Yes

59(26.7)

26(44.1)[31.4–56.8]

33(55.9)[43.3–68.6]

0.79[0.43–1.43]

0.435

0.77[0.40–1.47]

0.432