Table 1 The characteristics of included studies
Author | Treatment duration | n | Study groups | Female (n, %) | Creatinine (mg/dL) | Glomerular filtration (ml/min/1.73 m2) | Urinary albumin excretion (mg/24 h) | Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pfeffer et al. 2015 | 24mouths | 3034 | Lixisenatide 20 µg/day | 923 (30.4) | ND | ND | ND | 10.0 [6.0, 28.0] |
(ELIXA) | Â | 3034 | Placebo | 938 (30.9) | ND | ND | ND | 10.4 [5.9, 32.6] |
Derosa et al. 2013 | 48weeks | 86 | Exenatide 10 µg twice daily | 43 (50) | ND | ND | 98.2 ± 52.9 | ND |
|  |  | 85 | Placebo | 44 (51) | ND | ND | 93.6 ± 47.1 | ND |
von Scholten, MD et al.2017 | 28 weeks | 27 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg/day | 5 (19) | ND | 75 ± 23 | 183 (75–534) | ND |
|  |  | 27 | Placebo | 5 (16) | ND | 73 ± 23 | 181 (84–353) | ND |
Zhang et al.2011 | 16 weeks | 13 | Exenatide 10 µg twice daily | 3 (23) | ND | ND | 107 ± 71 | ND |
|  |  | 18 | Glimepiride 1–4 mg/day | 5 (27) | ND | ND | 111 ± 74 | ND |
Nakaguchi et, al.2020 | 24weeks | 30 | 0.9 mg/day liraglutide | 9(30) | 0.92 ± 0.28 | 63.3 ± 18.9 | ND | 52.9 [15.7, 505.5] |
|  |  | 31 | 10 mg/day empagliflozin | 10(33.3) | 0.90 ± 0.32 | 67.1 ± 22.4 | ND | 66.6 [20.7, 134.2] |
Tuttle.et, al2018 |  | 192 | Dulaglutide 1∙5 mg (n = 192 | 88 (46%) | 1∙86 ± 0∙65 | 38∙1 ± 13∙2 | ND | ND |
(AWARD-7) | 52weeks | 190 | Dulaglutide 0∙75 mg (n = 190 | 86 (45%) | 1∙85 ± 0∙63 | 38∙3 ± 12∙3 | ND | ND |
|  |  | 194 | Insulin glargine (n = 194) | 101 (52% | 1∙82 ± 0∙65 | 38.5 ± 13.0 | ND | ND |
Thomas Idorn, et al. 2016 | 12weeks | 10 | Control +  liraglutide | 3(30%) | 0.71 ± 0.14 | ND | ND | ND |
|  |  | 10 | Control + placebo | 2(20%) | 0.69 ± 0.11 | ND | ND | ND |
Jiang et al. 2017 | 24weeks | 77 | liraglutide 1.8 mg | 30(39%) | ND | 80.83 ± 20.61 | ND | ND |
|  |  | 79 | dapagliflozin 10 mg | 26(33%) | ND | 81.51 ± 19.96 | ND | ND |
Mashayekhi et al. 2022 | 14weeks | 44 | liraglutide | 31(70.5%) | ND | ND | ND | 12.0 ± 23 |
|  |  | 22 | sitagliptin | 15(68.2%) | ND | ND | ND | 7.9 ± 7.6 |
|  |  | 22 | diet | 14(63.8%) | ND | ND | ND | 6.3 ± 3.8 |
Tuttolomondo et al. 2021 | 3months | 56 | conventional therapy + dulaglutide | 32(57.2%) | ND | 77.4 ± 11.2 | ND | ND |
|  |  | 56 | conventional therapy | 35(62.5%) |  | 76.1 ± 16.9 | ND | ND |
|  | 9months | 56 | conventional therapy + dulaglutide | 32(57.2%) | ND | 77.4 ± 11.2 | ND | ND |
|  |  | 56 | conventional therapy | 35(62.5%) |  | 76.1 ± 16.9 | ND | ND |
Vanita et al. 2017 | 30weeks | 362 | semaglutide 0.5 mg | 165(46%) | ND | 97.9 ± 25.9 | ND | ND |
|  |  | 360 | semaglutide 1.0 mg | 178(49%) | ND | 98.0 ± 27.5 | ND | ND |
|  |  | 360 | insulin glargine | 165(46%) | ND | 99.7 ± 26.5 | ND | ND |
Hernandez et al2018(Harmony Outcomes) | 28months | 4731 | Albiglutide | 1427(30%) | ND | 79.1 ± 25.6 | ND | ND |
|  |  | 4732 | Placebo | 1467(31%) | ND | 78.9 ± 25.4 | ND | ND |
ofi Mosenzon et al. 2019 | 26weeks | 163 | Oral semaglutide | 80(49%) | ND | 47 ± 10 | ND | 19.2 ± 79.63 |
|  |  | 161 | Placebo | 88(55%) | ND | 48 ± 10 | ND | 14.1 ± 63.19 |
Suzuki, k, et al. 2014 | 6months | 24 | liraglutide 0.9 mg/day | ND | ND | 73.2 ± 13.4 | ND | ND |
|  |  | 16 | sitagliptin, 50 mg/day | ND | ND | 73.7 ± 12.6 | ND | ND |
LEADER 2022 | 3.84years | 4512 | liraglutide | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Â | Â | 4498 | placebo | ND) | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Diamant M, et al. 2014 | 30weeks | 247 | Exenatide | 119(48%) | ND | ND | ND | 14.08 ± 28.68 |
|  |  | 263 | Lispro | 130(49%) | ND | ND | ND | 12.32 ± 15.65 |
Armstrong, M et al. 2016 | 12weeks | 7 | 1.8 mg liraglutide | ND | 0.8 ± 0.05 | ND | ND | ND |
|  |  | 7 | placebo | ND | 0.7 ± 0.06 | ND | ND | ND |
Kuchay M, et al. 2020 | 24weeks | 32 | Dulaglutide | 9(28) | 0.84 ± 0.25 | ND | ND | ND |
|  |  | 32 | Control | 10(31) | 0.78 ± 0.15 | ND | ND | ND |
Art and Beek et al. 2020 | 26/28weeks | 194 | exenatide once weekly | 76(39.2) | ND | ND | ND | 68.2 ± 727 |
|  |  | 274 | comparators | 90(32.8) | ND | ND | ND | 72.2 ± 1045 |
Liakos et al2018 | 5 weeks | 31 | Liraglutide 1.2 mg/day | 12 (38.7) | ND | 82.3 ± 30.3 | ND | ND |
|  |  | 31 | placebo | 9 (29) | ND | 75.0 ± 21.2 | ND | ND |
Chen et, al.2017 | 26weeks | 11 | Exenatide | ND | ND | 90 ± 35 | ND | 6.16(3.52,11.44) |
|  |  | 12 | Insulin glargine | ND | ND | 82 ± 22 | ND | 13.2(6.16,29.04) |
Gullaksen, S et al. 2023 | 32weeks | 20 | Semaglutide | 3(15) | ND | 87 ± 21 | ND | 24.90 ± 55.99 |
|  |  | 20 | Placebo | 6(30) | ND | 91 ± 22 | ND | 13.90 ± 66.26 |
Rodbard, H,W et al. 2019 | 52weeks | 412 | oral semaglutide 14 mg | 205 ± 49.9 | ND | 96 ± 15 | ND | ND |
|  |  | 410 | empagliflozin 25 mg | 201 ± 49.0 | ND | 95 ± 15 | ND | ND |
SUSTAIN 6 | 2.1years | 825 | Semaglutide 0.5Â mg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Â | Â | 1648 | Placebo | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Â | Â | 821 | Semaglutide 1.0Â mg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Â | Â | 1648 | Placebo | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
FLOW | 3.4years | 1767 | Semaglutide | 519(29.4) | ND | 46.9 ± 15.6 | ND | ND |
|  |  | 1766 | Placebo | 550(31.1) | ND | 47.1 ± 14.7 | ND | ND |